Career Objectives For My Progressive Organization

Career Objective Having achieved a high level of competency as an accomplished customer service/administration professional, I am actively pursuing a challenging new career opportunity where I can utilise my extensive experience gained over the past 25+ years. Leading by example and achieving exceptional results in a variety of roles, including Site Security Supervisor (Inspector Rank), Senior Security Officer, Second-In-Charge Security Operations, APS Administrative - Levels 3, 4 6, Petty Officer, Leading Seaman and Able Seaman. I have demonstrated proficiency in the delivery of high quality customer service, leading and supervising teams, coupled with strong business administration, computer, systems and process knowledge. Confident†¦show more content†¦ns, Canberra Institute of Technology 1998 Certificate III in Frontline Management, RAN/National Framework for the Recognition of Training 1993 Advanced Certificate in Personnel Administration, RAN/National Framework for the Recognition of Training Key Skills Competencies ïÆ'Ëœ Provision of Team Supervision Leadership ïÆ'Ëœ Operations and Administration Management ïÆ'Ëœ Human Resources Administration Compliance ïÆ'Ëœ Lead, Motivate, Train, Coach Empower Staff ïÆ'Ëœ Stakeholder Relationship Management Liaison ïÆ'Ëœ Manage Finance Accounting Functions ïÆ'Ëœ Accounts Receivable/Payable Financial Reporting ïÆ'Ëœ Payroll and Accounting Administration Support ïÆ'Ëœ Monitor Work Practices Set Work Priorities ïÆ'Ëœ Project Contract Management on Time Budget ïÆ'Ëœ Engage Network with Industry Peak Bodies ïÆ'Ëœ Upholds a Clear Vision Manages Cultural Change ïÆ'Ëœ Develops Implement Initiatives Drive Innovation ïÆ'Ëœ Meet all Regulatory Compliance Requirements ïÆ'Ëœ Applies Ooccupational Health and Safety Principles ïÆ'Ëœ Provide Recommendations to Enhance Performance ïÆ'Ëœ Undertake Research Market Analysis Activities ïÆ'Ëœ High Level of Integrity, Dependability Results-Driven ïÆ'Ëœ Instils a Positive Culture Drives Business Reform ïÆ'Ëœ Meet Achieve Departmental Performance Targets ïÆ'Ëœ High Level Conceptual, Analytical Writing Skills ïÆ'Ëœ Understands Applies Government Legislation ïÆ'Ëœ Ability to Meet Deadlines Conflicting Priorities ïÆ'Ëœ Capacity to Resolve Issues Develop Procedures ïÆ'Ëœ Committed toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Human Services Agency Interview1047 Words   |  5 Pagesenhancing the meaning of life. 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To What Extent Has Globalisation Influenced One or More...

- 10-3-24 pm10:28 To what extent has globalisation influenced one or more aspects of the culture in your country? Illustrate your answer with examples Due to the development of globalisation, â€Å"a global culture was seen as being formed through the economic and political domination of the United States which thrust its hegemonic culture into all parts of the world† (Featherstone, 1995, p87). As well as economic change, culture change is heavily influenced by globalisation. Culture can be generally defined as the way of life of a people, it refers to the socially learned behaviours, beliefs, and values that the member of a group or society share. (Ess and Sudweeks, 2001, p88). For example, form Starbucks to MacDonalds, American life†¦show more content†¦Professional pop singers also adopted foreign music style to Chinese pop songs and achieved success. For example, Chinese singers Coco Lee, Jay Chow and Leehom Wong are three popular Chinese RB or Hip hop singers and they all won best songs or best singers in important rewards in China. Especially Coco Lee, her music style includes American hip hop, rb and Chinese pop, which is quite different from other musicians in China. She is the first Chinese who perform in the 73rd Oscars Academy Awards by singing one of the Academy Award nominee for Best Original song. Besides, Coco is also the first Chinese singer who had a solo concert at Walt Disney Concert in Los Angeles, USA. As Fig 1 shows, she will have a world tour with her latest Mandarin album East to West , including to the Americas and other places. Fig 1. The poster of Coco Lee s East to West gigs 3 8 - 10-3-24 pm10:28 In contrast, many foreign singers also hold gigs in China because of the globalization s effect. Not only Asian artists from Korea, Japan and Singapore but also some musicians from European countries have successfully opened their music market in China (i.e. Black Eyed peas, Avril Lavigne and Beyonce). As Fig 2 shows, it is the poster of Beyonce s concert in Beijing, 2009. Fig 2. the poster of Beyonce s Beijing concert 2009 4Show MoreRelatedStandardization/Customization Debate in Global Marketing1324 Words   |  6 PagesSummarize the standardization/customization debate in global marketing * Identify factors which promote standardization * Identify factors which promote customization * To what extent are consumers buying habits converging? * Illustrate your answer with examples of markets and brands based on your own research * Give full citation of sources in Harvard format   ____________________________________________________________ _____________________    Standardization: AchievingRead MoreWhat Are Cultural Factors That Promote Caribbean Integration6924 Words   |  28 Pagesalso refers to the promotion and encouragement of the retention of ethnic languages and cultures within Australian society. popular culture considered to be more mainstream than ‘high culture’. 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Maruti Suzuki free essay sample

Industry Profile With the contribution of 22% to the country’s manufacturing GDP, the automobile industry has emerged as one among India’s major sectors. India has become a hub for many global players. Currently Indian automobile industry comprises of 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 manufacturers of commercial vehicles, 16 manufacturers of two / three wheelers, 14 manufacturers of tractors, 5 manufacturers of engines. The Indian auto industry, comprising passenger cars, two wheelers and commercial vehicles is the seventh largest in the world with an annual production of 17.  5 million vehicles, of which 2. 3 million are exported. Two-wheelers dominate the Indian market; more than 75% of vehicles sold are two-wheelers. In 2009-10, Indian passenger car industry was one of the few markets globally that evaded the recessionary trend and it has been witnessing steady growth over the past few years. The industry’s growth is driven by various factors such as the economic growth of the country, rising disposable income, relatively low car penetration and availability of financing options. The sector’s potential has attracted various foreign OEMs to India and has also led many established domestic and foreign automobile players to adopt capacity expansion strategies. Many established foreign players in India, are also positioning themselves as key contenders to offer low-cost car manufacturing capabilities. However, the industry is struggling with various challenges such as of rising commodity prices, labour costs, interest rates and increased competition. According to the survey done by IBEF (Indian Brand Equity Foundation) by 2020, India’s share in global passenger vehicle market will reach 8% which was 4% during 2010-11. The passenger vehicle sales is expected to increase from 3. 2 million in FY2013to 9 million in FY2020E. There are so many reasons favouring this growth. Some of them are discussed below. Growing Demand Strong growth in demand due to rising income, middle class, and the young population is likely to propel India among the world’s top five auto manufacturers by 2015. Growth in export demand is also set to accelerate. Innovation Opportunities New players in ultra-low-cost car segment Innovation is likely to intensify among engine technology and alternative fuels. Rising Investments Significant cost advantages; auto firms save 10 to 25 per cent on operation compared with Europe or Latin America Large pool of skilled man power and growing technology base. Policy Support Government aims to develop India as global manufacturing as well as RD hub. There has been wide array of policy support in form of sops taxes and FDI encouragement. Finance Availability Improved Infrastructure Rising Family income Favourable Duty Structure Poor Public Transport System Low Car Penetration Exchange of Cars Changing Life Style The Automotive market is split into four segments The performance of each segment is given below (Source: SIAM, Aranca Research) From the graph it can be evidently seen that production of automobiles increased at a CAGR of 12. 2 % over FY05-13. Also it is very clear that passenger vehicles was the fastest growing segment, representing a CAGR of 15. 4%. Let’s focus towards passenger car industry. Passenger vehicles are projected to grow 5-7 per cent in FY14. Passenger car segment is estimated to expand 3-5 per cent. SUVs are projected to increase at 11-13 per cent. Indian luxury car market expanded at a CAGR of 30 per cent, with 23,000 units in 2011 (about 1 per cent of passenger car market in India). The market is dominated by players such as BMW, Mercedes, Audi, and Jaguar. India has world’s 12th largest HNI (High Net-worth Individual) population, with a growth rate of 20. 8 per cent (highest among top 12 countries), with expansion in education and realty sectors, and increasing income of IT professionals, more customers aspire to own luxury cars these all are some of key factors in the emergence of luxury car market. The Indian car market is expected to expand at a CGAR of 25 per cent during 2012-20 and reach 150000 units by 2020 (accounting for 4 % of estimated 6. 8 million-unit domestic car market). The luxury SUV segment is growing at about 50%, while luxury sedans are increasing 25-30 per cent. (Source: World Wealth Report (2011) of Merrill Lynch Wealth Management and Capgemini, Aranca Research) As a result of decreased product life cycle market players are forced to employ quick product launches. As a result a large number of products are available to customers across various segments. For accounting this Indian passenger car industry has witnessed increased RD investments from both government and private sector. Private sector innovation also contributed a lot to the industry example Tata Nano and Tata Pixel. In FY11 CNG market was worth more than USD330 million. CNG taxis and cars are expected to register a CAGR of 28% over FY11-14. The CNG network in India is expected to increase to 250 cities by 2018 from 30 cities in 2009. Car makers such as BMW, Audi, Toyota, Skoda, Volkswagen and Mercedes have started providing customised finance through NBFCs. Major MNC and Indian corporate houses are moving towards taking cars on operating lease instead of buying them. These all created a new trend in passenger car industry. Global car majors have been ramping up investments in India to cater to growing domestic demand. Also these manufacturers plan to leverage India’s competitive advantage to setup export-oriented production in hubs. The market share of major passenger car manufacturers in India is given below. Contribution to export Quick facts The first automobile in India rolled in 1897 in Bombay. India is being recognized as potential emerging auto market. Foreign players are adding to their investments in Indian auto industry. Within two-wheelers, motorcycles contribute 80% of the segment size. 2/3rd of auto component production is consumed directly by OEMs. India is the largest three-wheeler market in the world. India is the largest two-wheeler manufacturer in the world. India is the second largest tractor manufacturer in the world. India is the fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in the world. The number one global motorcycle manufacturer is in India. India is the fourth largest car market in Asia recently crossed the 1 million mark. Porter’s Five Forces Model Michael Porter developed a framework that models an industry as being influenced by five forces. The key factors that influence the performance of the industry cited below:- Bargaining power of buyers: Buyers exert influence on the suppliers pertaining to: 1 Cost of product to that of total product: The price of the product plays an important role in the buying behavior of the customer. The ownership cost of the product, with respect to the total products available in the market plays an important role in the buying decision of the customer. Product Differentiation: The different products available at the market influence the buying decision of the customer. The differentiation with respect to the features, offers and services influence the buying decision of the customer. For example a customer while deciding of a car in A2 segment looks into the different products available like Wagon R, A star, i10 the features attached to it, warranty and other services offered by the companies. 3 Buying switching costs: The switching cost associated with respect to the product influence the buying decision of the customer. The ownership cost associated with the different product influences the buying decision of the buyer. 4 Incentives: The discounts available on the various models influence the decision making. Various schemes like free insurance, cash discount, loans at economical rate of interest influence decision making in terms of purchase of car. 5 Size and concentration of buyers relative to the products: It also influences the bargaining power of the buyers. If the demand for a product is high and the product is in a waiting period, the buyer loses out in terms of the discounts or other promotional schemes. Bargaining power of suppliers 1 Strategic Suppliers: Steel is a major input in the automobile industry and the suppliers are a few in number. Any revision of prices by these players may influence the profitability of the manufacturers. 2 Substitute inputs: They are restricted to non-critical or additional components like electronic gadgets and interior design components and thus the suppliers of the same have a major influence on the decision making power. 3 Switching costs of suppliers: The cost of switching plays an important role in terms of deciding the power of suppliers. If the switching cost is low, the suppliers have huge influence in terms of decision making. MSIL being the largest manufacturer enjoys considerable influence over its suppliers. 70 % of the suppliers are within the range of 100 m from the Gurgaon plant. 4 Competition between suppliers: The number of suppliers for the particular product also influences the decision making power of the suppliers. If there are large numbers of suppliers for a particular product, the manufacturer has a say in decisions. Industry Competitors: 1 Number of Players: The number of firms operating in the market plays a major role in the industry. If the degree of competition is high, then buyers have a say in decision making. 2 Products and Price: The product range offered by the company and the target segment chosen by the company influences the decision making power. Maruti Suzuki manufactures 14 models catering to different segment. The price and the features associated with respect to the product influence the decision making. For example we have the Alto competing with respect to the Hyundai i10. Thus the buyers while purchasing the product look for the substitutes available in the market and the segment they are planning to purchase. Fixed and the variable cost base: The fixed and the variable cost base in terms of research and development and other expenses also play a major role as companies try to benchmark itself with respect to that of its competitors . Threat of New Entrants 1 New Entrants: The new entrants and the future course of action of these entrants influence the automobile sector. The new players willing to enter the Indian automobile industry and the government policies with respect to it influences the decision making power of the existing players. The new products launched by the existing player also play a major role in decision making of other players in the automobile sector. 2 High startup costs and economies of scale: The initial investment in terms of capital requirement, the economic condition of the country influences the number of new entrants. The other geographical factors with respect to location of the units, the ancillaries industries required influence the decision making. 3 Industry trends: The industry trend influences and the other factors influences the decision making in terms of the future investments to be made by the companies. The entry and exit cost associated with the automobile industry influences the decision making. 4 Government and legal barriers: The policies with respect to the automobile sector, the rules and regulation too influence the decision making of the automobile player. For example the new automotive policy of 2010 has made manufacturers to come up with new engines to meet the new emission norms Threat of substitutes: 1 Number of substitutes: The number of substitutes influences the buying decision of the customer. With the substitutes being high, the buyers have an influence the decision making power.

Male nurses free essay sample

Question 2 It is a fact the nursing profession is currently dominated by the female gender. However, it does not mean that men are not up to tasks involving nursing. Many hospitals nowadays are increasing their employment of male nurses. I for one, agree that hospitals should hire more male nurses. This is because when compared to female nurses, male nurses are physically fitter, emotionally tougher and they are the better at handling male patients. Firstly, more male nurses should be hired by hospitals given that in general, males are physically more fit than females. Being fitter means they have the better strength and endurance. In one way, this will render male nurses to be convenient in handling tasks that require considerable physical strength. For example, male nurses can carry heavy patients, medical equipments as well as subduing aggressive patients. In terms of endurance, male nurses can work longer hours than female nurses. We will write a custom essay sample on Male nurses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will be an added value of their employment, which means hospitals will be adequately staffed and more people can come for treatment. Secondly, hospitals should hire more male nurses because emotionally, they are tougher. This can be attributed to the psychological nature of males, in which they rarely get emotions like fear to get the best of them, as oppose to that of females. During the facilitation of medical diagnostics and treatments as well as in several medical conditions, male nurses are steadier in poise and are objective when working with blood, body wastes and even dead bodies. Therefore, tasks can be done effectively without any hesitations. This certainly will benefit the practice and hospitals as a whole. Thirdly, due to several reasons, male nurses are better at handling male patients. Some male patients may be reluctant or shy about interacting with female nurses. As such, male nurses are the best persons to fill in this gap since a male often understands a male’s predicament and needs better. Moreover, this will also help to prevent sexual harassment in hospital involving patients and female nurses. Apart from medical reason,  male nurses are preferred to care for male patients in the Islamic perspective, given that physical contacts between two persons of the opposite sex are forbidden. As such services by male nurses are to be used if hospitals have adequate numbers of them. However, people might disagree with this stand point on the ground that male nurses might not have the temperament suitable for the job as well as they might not be good at tending to female patients. One instance often cited with regards to temperament is that male nurses might be quick tempered and they often rushed to their judgment and be rude or obnoxious to the patient. This is not true because female nurses too can be subjected to such temperament. What is needed here to make sure that everyone joining profession to have the proper temperament before hand and if not, to be trained to be pleasant and graceful to patients. As for the attending of female patient, training is also of a paramount importance. Male nurses can be trained to be more attuned to female patients’ needs and cares. As for religious and cultural sensitivities, to me it is important to have more or less equal numbers of nurses of both genders should the need to use either gender exclusively arises. In conclusion, hospitals nationwide should consider hiring nurses from male sex given that they are physically and mentally fitter for the tasks as well as being the ideal persons to treat male patients. It is hoped that hospitals will keep on employing more male nurses in the future for all their benefits and convenience.

Free An Analysis of Wise Blood Essay

Free An Analysis of Wise Blood Essay An Analysis of Wise Blood I am an enthusiastic believer of OConners beautiful, unique, harrowing, surreal and poetic Southern Gothic book Wise blood It is a novel that is small in length but large in content, ideas, eccentricities and character. Despite the huge focus on evangelism, spirituality and in spite of shedding a huge spotlight on eccentrics, outcasts, the abnormal and grotesque, it somehow introduces and depicts characters that have the same desires as everyone else; the need to receive love, affection, acceptance and recognition for who they are and their achievements. A great gothic tale is one that is about psychology and is riddled with deep suspense, grand places and remarkable characters that develop the frisson of darkness and danger. OConner delivers the book with a very powerful undercurrent of deep desire of acceptance and understanding. The Southern Gothic style has always had the unusual effect of making the hair on the back of the readers neck stand up, and OConner manages to strike all he right cords through her literary ingenuity to ensure that the nature and character of the 20th century South is appropriately captured. However, several elements of the book are lacking such as the use of her prose style in terms of discussing sensitive topics such as gender. The period the book was written in was a time characterized by women being viewed as highly conservative and considered their status in society in high regard. OConners depiction of the characters in Wise blood is profoundly unfeminine, unemotional, highly unladylike but deadly clinical, more so after considering the heavy gender stereotyping and perceptions of the time. In the middle of the twentieth century, the masculine prose style followed the laconic models of such renowned writers as Hemingway and the tough-boiled discipline of pulp fiction. The feminine style was however correspondingly much softer. {t_essay_order} A brutal irony is introduced through her writing with a slam-bag humor that is both entertaining but somehow distasteful and balefully direct. The use of the N word in referring to the black American race was particularly popular in the gothic literary materials written in that period; however, this shows how the some would consider her a racist in the modern era. Although her technique of telling of the story is morally absolute, she manages to capture the character of the grotesque gothic era through the use of the direct sentences that manages to raise outrage and indignation in the readers until they is able to immerse themselves completely in the ignorable disasters that was the South. The principal character and reluctant saint, Hazel Motes, is one of the most improbable dullards ever to grace the covers of a Gothic genre of American novels. He is undoubtedly the king of the anti-social characters in the book, leading the way in explaining the prevalent and deep rooted nature of the 1950s south. Hazel Motes is so repulsive that it is hard to even like his character, but the intrigue that surrounds his journey is so deep that one cannot help to keep reading in order to find out the final destination of his endeavors and crusade against God. There is no doubt that some of his behaviors are completely insane and utterly moronic, one more so than the next; he decides to blind himself with lime in his quest to completely absolve of the ills of society. He retorts to what some would consider completely overreacting to a situation: finding that blinding himself the only logical and available solution to the fact that a mean-spirited police officer has pushed his unlicens ed vehicle off a cliff. Clearly, this reaction does not make any sense in terms of the severalty of the action and is a clear misunderstanding of what the author was trying to relay about Motes. Perhaps some of the bewilderment about the main characters exploits arises from the mystified and sometimes dark nature of the Southerners. A reader who might approach the book as though it is a part of naturalistic fiction is bound to have their expectations greatly confounded. Wise blood is much closer to the allegory of religion than it is to the naturalistic fictional genre. It is impossible to analyze the work of OConner without at least viewing her book in comparison with other literary heavy weights of her era. The southern gothic style, a subgenre of the Gothic literary technique, was a popular and unique style in American literature. This style utilizes the tools of dark tales, supernatural events and irony to guide the plot. This style is utilized in the plot not for the purpose of suspense, but for the exploration of the social issues as well as the cultural and religious character of the American South. The fact that the author was a Southerner, and the nature and grotesqueness of her characters adds fuel to the perception that she was writing in a southern gothic style. OConner is no doubt one of the most startling women to come out of those parts, with her mode of fiction writing seldom challenged by critics. She proved to be an important and lasting contributor to the grotesque literary influences of southern decadences.

Criminal Justice Authority Essay Example

Criminal Justice Authority Essay Example Criminal Justice Authority Essay Criminal Justice Authority Essay Criminal Justice Authority Evaluation The criminal justice system has always operated under discretionary authority. This includes law enforcement, the court system and corrections. Police officers enjoy the benefit of whether to charge for small infractions and whether an incident requires force to be applied. The court system uses discretionary authority in sentencing of the guilty. The department of corrections uses discretionary authority in the everyday running of the prison system, as they are the rulers of their community. Within this paper all of these fields will be evaluated and how the roles of a civilian oversight committee will fit in. There is a growing awareness of how complex police work is. This has come from an examination of the officers’ use of discretion in their daily policing activities. There is also of the critical role that community leaders have in the vitality of their neighborhoods. Discretion is used at all levels of law enforcement not just with the patrol officers. There is a special interest in how the core of police authorities uses discretion to enforce the law. Negative policies (things officers may not do) have at least two limits. First there is that they are unhelpful and irrelevant restrictions. There are rules that limit what they should do which gives supervisors rope with which to hang them with. Second there is a large gray area of necessary discretion and the feeling of not wanting anyone telling them what they should do. Because of the inattention of administrators of the day-to-day policing the beliefs that officers are being told what not to do and will use this to hand an officer crosses the line is across the board with officers. These rules fail to tell the officers what they should do in a positive way (Kelling,  2011). Police discretion cannot be structured by issuing policy statements or proscribing certain actions. There can and will be serious concerns if the departments do not develop policy guidelines that are clear and concise. Discretion is not only on patrol levels but all levels of criminal justice organizations. The portrayal of police work is inaccurate in some cases. Police do not make arrests on whether a law had been violated or not. A contributor to crime control is the low-level personnel decision makers. Social problems are solved by criminal law and unlawful behavior is diverse in nature. Criminal justice agency policies have an impact on other agencies. The idea of doing away with discretionary authority in law enforcement is in the minority (Kelling,  2011). The judicial system is made up of discretionary authority. Judging can be described as Main, (2006) â€Å"the art or science of making discrete choices among competing courses of action† (p. 4). In order for judges to rule fairly and equitably they must have the discretion to practice any lawful route. The core of the judicial function is the right to exercise discretion. Judges have the discretion to allow certain courses of actions such as mistrials, motion to exclude, testimony of certain witnesses (whether to exclude them or not) and sentencing of the accused. A judge will make choices at their discretion with the help of different options. The judicial system puts their trust in the judges to make informed and sound judgments. A judge can be persuaded by the arguments of the court advocates. A judge is in the higher position and must see, evaluate and hear the testimony with firsthand knowledge. There are situations that a judge will not use their own discretion to make a decision but will rely solely on the testimony and there will be only a yea or nay decision (Main, 2006). There are judicially-imposed conditions. These conditions can be used by judges to pursue a variety of objectives. There are four categories that overlap: Main, (2006), â€Å"(1) Germane Conditions which are conditions that reflect a close nexus with the criteria for deciding the motion that is precipitating the court order; (2) Fairness Conditions which are the conditions inspired by notions of fairness; (3) Efficiency Conditions which are conditions designed to ensure the efficient processing of cases; and (4) Power Conditions which are conditions expressing judicial fiat† (p. 6). These conditions are applied by the courts. These are concrete conditions but judicial discretion to these conditions must contemplate a number of variations. The judicial system has the authority to induce or impose these conditions (Main, 2006). Corrections are probably the area where discretionary authority can become corrupt more easily. One of the biggest infractions is the misuse of authority. This is the McCarthy  (1996), â€Å"intentional misuse of discretion for personal material gain† (para. 8). There are three offenses that comprise this type of corruption. They are directed against the inmates (McCarthy, 1996). The acceptance of gratuities or rewards from inmates for special consideration in obtaining normal prison privileges; the acceptance of gratuities for help in obtaining or protecting illicit prison activities; and the mistreatment or extortion of inmates by staff or personal gain (McCarthy, 1996, para. 8). Discretionary conduct is broken down in three different forms. They are nonfeasance, misfeasance, and malfeasance. An improper action that an official may lawfully do is referred to as misfeasance. This includes giving special privileges for some type of gratuity. Direct misconduct is referred to as malfeasance. This includes smuggling in contraband and extortion. The failure to live up the expectations of a correctional official is referred to as nonfeasance. This will include ignoring the rules of the organization and ignoring the inmate violations. Legislature gives corrections so much discretionary authority that it allows for the opportunity of corruption. Low-level employees are responsible for controlling and monitoring inmate behavior. This means that they have to make discretionary decisions which will either penalize or reward inmate behavior (McCarthy, 1996). Discretionary acts are given a wide berth by the public until something happens that a complaint is filed. We allow for police officers to arrest or charge, judges to sentence or rule on motions, and corrections officers to control the inmate population using discretionary authority. Some of these are abused and need to be looked into. There are committees formed called civilian oversight committees. The role of these committees is makes sure the officers in the criminal justice system does not abuse their power of discretion. Police should be accountable to the public for the way that they treat people. A civilian oversight committee will oversee the â€Å"conduct on behalf of the public† (Stone Merrick, 2002, p. 1). This is to correct or curb those that abuse their power. The civilian oversight committee will look into any questions of the abuse of power in the arrest, the questioning and the use of force, lethal or non-lethal. Some think that civilian oversight should go even farther into policing. Not just the patrolman but the higher ups in the organization also. Police chiefs have the discretion as to whether to punish or withhold punishment of an officer that has been accused of abusing their power. Civilian oversight committees are being considered to look more deeply into the supervisors that are abusing their power (Stone Merrick, 2002). Civilian oversight committees are being used across the world. They will look out for the fundamental rights of the citizens in relation to law enforcement. In some areas the institutional structures and the legal structure enforcing those rights are incomplete and week. A strong civilian oversight is an effort to strengthen these structures (Stone Merrick, 2002). As more and more civilian oversight committees are formed the criminal justice system will be able to operate more at their discretion because they will be closely monitored. The discretionary authority of law enforcement can cross the lines of good police work. Choosing when to charge an individual with breaking the law can lead to questions of bias. The judicial system appears to run solely on the discretion of the judge. There are conditions that are finally and a judge cannot be discrete when considering these conditions. There are many different variations that determine a judge’s final ruling. Out of all the areas of the criminal justice system the corrections area are more apt to use their discretionary authority for corruption. Giving the low-level employees the room to penalize or reward inmates because of their behavior at their discretion opens the door for corruption. Civilian oversight committees will assure that police, judges, and corrections officers do not abuse their discretionary authority. With civilian oversight committees monitoring these criminal justice systems the public can be assured that they will get fair treatment regardless of what organization they are dealing with. Reference Kelling, G. (2011). â€Å"Broken Windows† and police discretion. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Retrieved from https://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/nij/178259. pdf Main, T. (2006). Judicial discretion to condition. MSFraud. Retrieved from http://avenue-s. us/resources/judicial%20discretion%20to%20condition. pdf Stone, C. Merrick, R. (2002). Civilian oversight of the police in democratic societies. VERA Institute of Justice. Retrieved from vera. org/download? file=95/Civilian%2Boversight%2B2. pdf

Netflix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Netflix - Research Paper Example programming distributors, direct broadcast satellite providers and telecommunication providers; (3) entertainment video retailers; and (4) DVD rental outlets and kiosk services (â€Å"Netflix, Inc. Form 10-K,† 2012). According to Aaker (2007) market analysis can be viewed at through seven dimensions: market size, market growth rate, market profitability, industry cost structure, distribution channels, market trends and key success factors. According to Datamonitor (2012) the global movies and entertainment market generated total revenues of $109.4 billion in 2009 which represented a 0.2% growth rate from 2005-2009. This industry spans multiple sectors and is highly dynamic. The major growth driver for this industry is the rapid evolution of platforms and delivery methods epitomized by smartphones, tablets and the social Web. Analyzing an organization’s value chain makes it easier to identify where value is added and/or where the organization could develop a cost advantage. Online businesses such as Netflix benefit from the Internet’s ability to lower the costs in much of their value chain especially in inbound and outbound logistics, operations and distribution channel. However, in order to develop competitive advantage online companies must invest, innovate and grow competencies in technology, infrastructure and service. Also, these companies have to operate on low-cost models given the market’s expectation for lower products prices. Plunkett Research (2012) identified increased consumer demand for more control over what they read, listen to or watch as the premier factor that will drive changes in this market in the near future. According to them, issues of control will be manifested through portability, pricing and delayed viewing or listening. Portability refers to the ability to view and share content across multiple platforms such as iPads, Android smartphones, digital TV and desktop operating systems. Pricing for content is important given

The Annual Information of Sparkle Plc along with the Financial Essay

The Annual Information of Sparkle Plc along with the Financial Statements - Essay Example To support the significance of such information, theories of concepts are also explained. The recommendations included are from the perspective of a financial account which is responsible to advise the directors of Sparkle Plc. A comprehensive report which contains the activities, financial and non-financial performance evaluation statements of the company are called the Annual Report. The annual report is prepared to give the stakeholders of the company, mainly the shareholders an elaborate and transparent view of the company (Friedlob, and Welton, 2008, p. 3). It is also essential in attracting prospective investors to make investments. The annual report not only contains the financial statements such as income statement, balance sheet, or cash flow statements but also other reports such as director’s report, auditor’s report, corporate social responsibility information, etc. In short, the annual report contains company’s business functions, products or services, sources of finances and resources, human resource involvement, countries of operation, responsibilities and contribution towards society, performance in terms of revenue generation, financial and accounting standards that it follows, and future goals or objectives structured for the next year (Thomsett, 2007, p. 5). This report is Sparkle Plc., a company which deals in cleaning products. Sparkle Plc. want to prepare their annual reports to attract more investors and also present a transparent image to their existing shareholders. The board of directors of the company already has the idea that the annual report would include the financial statements of the company. However, as discussed it is not only the financial statements that are important because many investors do not and cannot assess the financial health of the company only through revenue figures.  Ã‚  

Parental Factors Essay Example for Free

Parental Factors Essay Parenting factors range from diet and nutrition, relationship with parental figures, tight schedules of working parents, early parenthood, kinship care, foster care, child abuse and neglect (Michigan Non Profit Association, 2002, p3-4). Diet and Nutrition has played a very important role most specially on the developing stage of a children’s life. The lack of proper nutrition has a significant effect on proper behavior. The deficiencies on iron, iodine, and other protein rich food could have a negative effect on the child’s development, and on the long run, on its behavior (Shonkoff, 2001) and Grantham-McGregor et al (2000) as cited from (Michigan Non Profit Association, 2002). Parents who also deal with their children based on fear poses a negative effect as well on their social development. More specifically, parents who are too stern, give punishments that are too unsympathetic and in some other cases establishes inconsistent rules of punishment has a bad effect on their children Hastings et al (2000) and UNICEF et al (1993) as cited from (Michigan Non Profit Association, 2002). In relation with this, parents who are too occupied with work tend to overlook the needs of their children. Another case would be with regard to teenage parents. More often than not, single mothers tend to be immature due to the lack of proper education and also the difficulty of earning a living. In some cases, children who ended up being raised on family relatives, foster care facilities and the likes also have a greater tendency of developing challenging behaviors (Michigan Non Profit Association, 2002).

Bach Essay -- essays research papers fc

Johanna Sebastian Bach was a composer of the Baroque era, the most celebrated member of a large family of northern German musicians. Although he was admired by his contemporaries primarily as an outstanding harpsichordist, organist, and expert on organ building. Bach is now generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time and is celebrated as the creator of the Brandenburg Concertos, The Well-Tempered Clavier, the Mass in B Minor, and numerous other masterpieces of church and instrumental music. Appearing at a propitious moment in the history of music, Bach was able to survey and bring together the principal styles, forms, and national traditions that had developed during preceding generations and, by virtue of his synthesis, enrich them all. J.S. Bach was born at Eisenach, Thuringia, on March 21, 1685, the youngest child of Johann Ambrosius Bach and Elisabeth Lammerhirt. Ambrosius was a string player, employed by the town council and the ducal court of Eisenach. Johann Sebastian started school in 1692 or 1693 and did well in spite of frequent absences. Of his musical education at this time, nothing definite is known; however, he may have picked up the rudiments of string playing from his father, and no doubt he attended the Georgen Church, where Johann Christoph Bach was organist until 1703. This Christoph had been a pupil of the influential keyboard composer, Johann Pachelbel and he apparently gave Johann Sebastian his first formal keyboard lessons. The young Bach again did well at school, until in 1700 his voice secured him a place in a select choir of poor boys at the school at the Michaels Church, Luneburg. He seems to have returned to Thuringia in the late summer of 1702. By this time he was already a reasonably pro ficient organist. His experience at Luneburg, if not at Ohrdruf, had turned him away from the secular string-playing tradition, though not exclusively, a composer and performer of keyboard and 2 sacred music. The next few months are wrapped in mystery, but by March 4, 1703, he was a member of the orchestra employed by Johann Ernst, Duke von Weimar. This post was a mere stopgap; he probably already had his eye on the organ then being built at the New Church in Arnstadt. When it was finished, he helped test the organ in August 1703 he was appointed organist at the age of 18. Arnstadt documents imply that he had been court orga... ... contemporary Handel, Bach was the last great representative of the Baroque era in an age which was already reflecting the Baroque style. For about 50 years after Bach's death, his music was neglected. This was only natural; in the days of Haydn and Mozart, no one could be expected to take much interest in a composer who had been considered old-fashioned even in his lifetime—especially since his music was not readily available, and half of it, the church cantatas, was fast becoming useless as a result of changes in religious thought. At the same time, musicians of the late 18th century were neither so ignorant of Bach's music nor so insensitive to its influence as some modern authors have suggested. Emanuel Bach's debt to his father was considerable, and Bach exercised a profound and acknowledged influence directly on Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Works Cited Farb, Peter. Great Lives Great Deeds. New York: Readers Digest Association. 1964. Kirby, F.E. A short History of Keyboard Music. New York: The Free Press. 1966. Kupferberg, Herbert. Basically Bach. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1985. Schonberg, Harold. The Lives of the Great Composers. New York: W.W. Norton. 1970.

Unbalanced work

The cause of the problem in my department is the unbalanced work load between two secretaries, Jack Snyder, who is providing support to two executive members, Ralph Alane & Jessica Hilo, and Ruth Disselkoen who is providing support to other two executive members, Samuel Daley & Frank Daley. During the long time medical leave of Jessica Hilo, 37% of the work load has been handled by a full time administrative assistant and Jack for the total 80 hours of the week, whereas 63% of the work load has been handled by a part time administrative assistant and Ruth for the total 55 hours of the week. This imbalance in work environment creates stress for Ruth who can’t perform her work perfect, at the same time, makes Jack lazy and irregular. Ruth can’t concentrate in her work even though she works for more hours and the executive members start complain. On the other hand, Jack has enough time to finish his work on time with quality without any stress. This may create friction in the department and so overall quality of the work will go down. In order to solve the issue and make the department efficient, I am very much convinced that an immediate action is required. I would like to discuss this issue with two secretaries. The aim would be to convince both of them that team work is more important than an individual responsibility. Since this is a new approach to handle the situation, initially, I will assign the work. The current practice of work assignment will be changed and the work will be considered as a department work rather than individual. The same will be conveyed to the executive members. This change will result in no overtime and improved work quality for sure.

Global Warming – Truth or Myth: Two Sides to Every Story

Global Warming–Truth or Myth: Two Sides to Every Story Summer 2010 Part I (Thesis): Global Warming: A Natural Occurrence There are always two sides to every story and every different point of view has a right to be heard. When it comes to the discussion of global warming—a gradual increase in the earth’s surface temperature—there are two very distinct and opposing points of view. The world seems to be split between global warming being caused by humans and it being a natural occurrence; the latter being the viewpoint that I strongly support due to the evidence I will present in detailin this paper. In contrast, I will also discuss, in Part II, the â€Å"anti-thesis† or the opposing viewpoint that humans are actually the cause of thisglobal warming phenomenon. Finally, in Part III of my paper, I will synthesize both viewpoints and discuss in great depth through much evidence as to why I believe global warming to be a natural occurrence that has happened and will continue to happen at different periods of time until the end of days. The first reason is that global warming comes and goes. The earth naturally heats up and cools down. Thirty years ago, we thought the biggest threat was global cooling and now the biggest threat is global warming. Throughout history, there have been numerous cooling and warming periods and we are now going through one of those natural warming periods, which have reached the warming levels of the Medieval Warming Period our ancestors experienced in the past, which I will explain in more detail later in this paper. The cycle of global warming and cooling has been happening long before humans have occupied the Earth and will continue to happen long after we are gone; it is a nature cycle that cannot be broken. The second reason why global warming is a natural occurrence is because the sun is what warms the earth. When the sun gets hotter, it makes sense that we get hotter too and this goes vice versa. If the sun is cooler, we get cooler. The sun has several cycles and the main one we see is the 11-year cycle, which I will explain, in greater detail in the synthesis portion of this paper. When the sun gets hotter there are more rays heating the earth, so the earth gets hotter. If we are so positive that global warming is a man-made problem, explain why Mars is also warming at the same pace as the earth is. Like Earth, Mars has also experienced warming and cooling periods throughout its history. The changes in the sun's heat output can account for almost all the climate changes we see on Earth and Mars; manmade greenhouse warming has made only a small contribution to the warming happening on Earth. The third reason why global warming is a natural occurrence is that manmade CO2 is not the main source of CO2 in the atmosphere. Again, this very interesting and intriguing fact will be furtherexplained later in this paper. I believe this will surprise you, once you read the facts regarding the sources of CO2; these factors were a highly significant reason that led me to oppose humans being the actual cause of global warming. In fact, the largest source of CO2 is the ocean (Broadgate, W. , et. al. , 2009). We only contribute 3. 5% of all CO2 in the atmosphere, while the other 96. 5% is released by natural sources. Therefore, as you see, the contribution of human made CO2 is very insignificant and has very little effect on global warming. In the end, you should be able to understand why global warming is not the result of mankind abusing the Earth, and that it is, in fact, a natural cycle that has been repeated throughout history. Global Warming comes and goes. The earth naturally heats up and cools down. Right now, we are going through a natural warming cycle, which will soon befollowed by a cooling cycle. The sun is always going to control how hot and how cool it is on the earth. Scientists need to consider this; if the sun is hotter, we experience hotter temperatures; and when the sun is cooler, we experience cooler temperatures. Global warming is also not being sped up by the carbon dioxide burned into the atmosphere by humans. We only contribute 3. 5% of all CO2 in the atmosphere, while the other 96. 5% is released by natural sources. There is no denying that global warming exists. Global warming is, unfortunately, a fact of our lives as humans, but humankind is simply not the cause. It is a natural occurrence and will continue to happen even after we are gone from the earth’s surface. Part II (Anti-Thesis): Global Warming: Caused By Humans Every year the average American produces over 22 metric tons of CO2 living a normal life (â€Å"What is Carbon Neutrality,† 2008); and the United States as a whole produces 6,049,435 metric tons of CO2 yearly (â€Å"List of Countries by CO2 Emissions,† 2010). This disturbing figure is the main cause of global warming and we have yet to take responsibility for our actions. There are many different theories of what has caused global warming and the answer is mankind. Humans are the cause of global warming because of pollution, over population, and deforestation. The first reason humans are the cause of global warming is because of pollution. Pollution is one of the biggest manmade causes of global warming and it comes in many shapes and sizes. The burning fossil fuel is one thing that causes pollution. Fossil fuels are a non-renewable source of energy, such as coal, oil and natural gas and when they are burned they give off a greenhouse gas called CO2 (Chughtai, 2008). We as humans release CO2 from power plants, cars, airplanes, and buildings. About 40% of U. S. CO2 emissions stem from the burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation; about 33% of US CO2 emissions comes from the burning of gasoline in engines of cars; about 3. 5% of CO2 emissions comes from planes, and this figure could rise to 15% by 2050; while, buildings structure account for about 12% of carbon dioxide emissions (Chughtai, 2008). While CO2 is the major greenhouse gas, methane is second most important; methane is more than 20 times as effective as CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere (â€Å"Methane,† 2008). Mining coal and oil allows methane to escape. Methane is naturally in the ground. When coal or oil is mined, it has to be dug up from earth and when this is process is completed, you release the methane letting it escape into the atmosphere. With the increasing amounts of CO2, methane and other greenhouse gases we emit into the atmosphere, humans are causing the intensification of the greenhouse effect known as global warming. The second reason why humans are the cause of global warming is because of over population. More people meanmore food, more methods of transportation, more power plants, and more buildings. That means more methane and CO2 will be emitted into the atmosphere because there will be more burning of fossil fuels and more agriculture. Another source of methane is from manure. Since more food is needed to feed the rapidly growing population, we will have to raise food. Animals like cows are a good source of food, which means more manure and more methane emissions. We will also have to plant more crops to grow more food and plants release CO2 into the atmosphere as well. Another problem with the increasing population is transportation; more people mean more cars and more cars means more pollution. Lastly, over population causes city growth, which also admits CO2 into the atmosphere adding to the pollution. The third reason why humans are the cause of global warming isdeforestation. Deforestation is the second principle cause of atrophic CO2 and is responsible for 25-30% of all CO2 — 1. 6 billion tons — emission into the atmosphere (â€Å"Deforestation Causes Global Warming,† 2006). This is done by burning and cutting down 34 million arches of trees a year. Scientists are saying that one day of deforestation is equivalent to the carbon footprint of 8 million people flying to New York. Each year we are losing millions of acres of rainforests, the equivalent in area to the size of The United Kingdom (Specter, 2008). Trees are 50% carbon and when they are cut down or burned, the CO2they store escapes back into the air. The destroying of tropical forests alone is throwing hundreds of millions of tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year. Two billion tons of CO2 enters the atmosphere every year from deforestation and the remaining standing forests still emit a billion tons of CO2 a year (Specter, 2008). If we keep losing our forests at this rate, we will ultimately lose the battle against climate change. In conclusion, humans are the cause of global warming because of pollution, over population and deforestation. Global warming is a result of our human activity, not natural causes. Pollution, over population and deforestation all add to the large amounts of CO2 being emitted into the atmosphere, which is increasing the rate of global warming. If we want to put an end to this global problem, we as a human race must limit our pollution, gain control of our population, and stop deforestation. If these three factors do not change, we will ultimately loose the battle of climate change. Part III: Synthesis – Global Warming: A Natural Occurrence I believe that global warming is happening due to natural causes, but I did not always feel this way. Two years ago, I took an English class and as an assignment, we had to do a debate. I missed the day that we were assigned our topics and I received the topic that global warming was happing due to natural causes. At the time, I did not agree, but after doing weeks of research, I changed my mind about global warming. Global Warming is a reoccurring phenomenon that has occurred throughout history since the beginning of time and will continue until the end of time. In fact, as I previously stated, we experienced a warming period during the Medieval Warm Period around 1100 AD when Vikings settled into Greenland and instead of the ice covered land, which fills Greenland’s vast territory today, it used to be green and the perfect place to grow crops (Keigwin, L. D. , 1996). In fact, grapes suitable for winemaking were also reported growing in England (1996); and the tree line in Scandinavia was 100–200 m higher than present (1996). This warming period was followed by a cooling period called the â€Å"Little Ice Age† from 1400 to 1850 AD that brought severe winters and cold summers to Europe (1996). Today we are enjoying global temperatures, which have warmed back to levels of the Medieval Warm Period; this means there is an ice age in our near future. The second premise that leads me to believe that global warming is a natural occurrence is the sun heating the earth. The sun is always going to control how hot and how cool it is on the earth. Scientists need to consider this. If the sun is hotter, we experience hotter temperatures; and when the sun is cooler, we experience cooler temperatures. The sun has several cycles and the main one we see is the 11-year cycle. â€Å"Every 11 years, the sun moves through a period of fewer, smaller sunspots, prominences, and flares – called a solar minimum – and a period of more, larger sunspots, prominences and flares – called a solar maximum† (â€Å"11 Year Cycle of Solar Storms Will Peak in Late 2011,† 2009). Right now we are currently at the minimum of this cycle, so the sun is in the process of increasing its heat output and we will experience a peak of heat in 2012 (â€Å"11 Year Cycle of Solar Storms Will Peak in Late 2011,† 2009). â€Å"In 2005 data from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor and Odyssey missions revealed that the carbon dioxide â€Å"ice caps† near Mars's south pole had been diminishing for three summers in a row† (Ravilious, K. , 2007). The most important greenhouse gas is water vapor, which makes up 95% of the world’s greenhouse gases. Without this amount of water vapor, the Earth would be too cold and no one could survive. Out of the other 5%, CO2 only makes up . 054% and 96. 5% of this . 054% are from natural sources, and mankind is responsible for only 3. 5% (Broadgate, W. , et. al. , 2009). A single volcano eruption emits more CO2 than all factories and manmade machinery. Moreover, animals and decaying vegetation gives off more 150 giga-tons of CO2 each year, while humans produce about 6. 5 giga-tons of CO2 a year (Broadgate, W. , et. al. , 2009). The largest source of CO2 is the ocean. As the ocean heats up it ives off CO2 into the atmosphere and when it cools down, it absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere (2009). Since the Sun is getting hotter is gradually heating the Earth, the oceans are getting hotter thus letting out more CO2. The contribution of human made CO2 is very insignificant and can barely have an effect on global warming. In the end, you should be able to understand why global warming is not the resul t of mankind abusing the Earth, and that it is, in fact, a natural cycle that has been repeated throughout history. Global Warming comes and goes. The earth naturally heats up and cools down. Right now,we are going through a natural warming cycle, which will soon be followed by a cooling cycle. The sun is always going to control how hot and how cool it is on the earth. Scientists need to consider this. If the sun is hotter, we experience hotter temperatures; and when the sun is cooler, we experience cooler temperatures. Global warming is also not sped up by the carbon dioxide burned into the atmosphere by humans. We only contribute 3. 5% of all CO2 in the atmosphere, while the other 96. 5% is released by natural sources. There is no denying that global warming exists. It is a fact of our lives as humans, but mankind is not the cause of it. It is a natural occurrence that will continue to happen even after we are long gone from the earth’s surface. References 11 Year Cycle of Solar Storms Will Peak in Late 2011. (2009, December 3). The Student Operated Press (_The SOP_). Retrieved February 26, 2010, from http://thesop. org/story/science/2007/04/27/the-next-11-year-cycle-of-solar-storms-will-start-in-march-and-peak-in-late-2011. php Broadgate, W. , Caldeira, K. , Fabry. V. , Gattuso, J. P. , Haugan, Hood, M. , et al. (2009). Research Priorities for Ocean Acidification, report from the Second Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World, Monaco, October 6-9, 2008, convened by SCOR, UNESCO-IOC, IAEA, and IGBP, 25 pp. Retrieved February 27, 2010 from http://ioc3. unesco. org/oanet/HighCO2World. html Chughtai, O. (2008, November 2). Fossil fuels. Retrieved February 27, 2010, from http://www. umich. edu/~gs265/society/fossilfuels. htm Keigwin, L. D. (29 November 1996). The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in the Sargasso Sea. Science 274 (5292), 1503. [DOI:10. 1126/science. 274. 5292. 1503].

Using Reflexive Verbs in Spanish

Using Reflexive Verbs in Spanish A verb is used reflexively when the subject of the verb is also its object. An example of a simple sentence using a reflexive verb is Pedro se lava (Pedro is washing himself). In that sentence Pedro is both the subject (the one doing the washing) and the object (the person begin washed). Note that the reflexive pronoun (in this case se) typically precedes the verb (although it can be attached to infinitives). Key Takeaways: Spanish Reflexive Verbs The subject and object of a reflexive verb is the same. For example: She is watching herself in the mirror.Not all Spanish reflexive verbs are translated as reflexive in English.Reflexive verbs can be used for emphasis or to avoid saying who is performing the verbs action. Here are the main ways such verbs are used: Verb's Subject Acting on Itself As in the example above, this is the most straightforward use of reflexive verbs, and it is certainly the most common way they are used in English. In plural form the pronoun can often be translated as themselves or each other, depending on the context. Some examples: Puedo verme en el espejo. (I can see myself in the mirror.) ¿Quà © te compraste? (What did you buy for yourself?)Se estaban admirando. (They were admiring themselves. Or, they were admiring each other.)Pablo se habla. (Pablo talks to himself.) Verbs Used Only in Reflexive Form Some verbs in Spanish are used only in the reflexive form, and they may or may not be translated to English using a reflexive construction. In dictionaries, such verbs traditionally are listed with a se at the end of the infinitive, as in abstenerse, which means to abstain. Me abstengo de votar. (I am abstaining from voting.)Teresa se arrepentià ³ de sus errors. (Teresa regretted her errors.)Me resigno a no tener dinero. (I am resigning myself to having no money.) Reflexive Verbs Translated as Nonreflexive Verbs Some Spanish verbs make perfect sense when understood in a reflexive way, but we typically dont translate them that way into English. For example, levantar means to lift, while its reflexive counterpart, levantarse, could be understood to mean to lift oneself, but is usually translated as to get up. Quiero baà ±arme. (I want to take a bath. Literally, I want to bathe myself.) ¡Sià ©ntate! (Sit down! Literally, seat yourself!)Voy a vestirme. (I am going to get dressed. Literally, I am going to dress myself.)Me afeito cada maà ±ana. (I shave every morning. Literally, I shave myself every morning.)Patricia se acercà ³ la casa. (Patricia approached the house. Literally, Patricia brought herself closer to the house.)Se llama Eva. (Her name is Eva. Literally, she calls herself Eva.) Verbs Changing Meaning in Reflexive Form Making a verb reflexive can change its meaning in ways that arent always predictable. Sometimes the difference in meaning is subtle. Following are some common examples; not all possible meanings of the verbs are included. abonar, to pay money; abonarse, to subscribe (as to a periodical)abrir, to open; abrirse, to open up (in the sense of confiding in someone)acordar, to agree, to decide; acordarse, to rememberacusar, to accuse; acusarse, to confesscallar, to be quiet; callarse, to become quietcerrar, to close; cerrarse, to close oneself off emotionallycombinar, to combine; combinarse (plural forms), to take turnsdormir, to sleep; dormirse, to fall asleepir, to go; irse, to go awayllevar, to carry; llevarse, to take awayponer, to put; ponerse, to put on, to wearsalir, to leave; salirse, to leave unexpectedly, to leak Reflexive Verbs for Emphasis Some verbs can be used reflexively to add emphasis. The distinction isnt always readily translated to English. For example, comà ­ la hamburguesa, means I ate the hamburger, but the reflexive form, me comà ­ la hamburguesa, could be translated the same way, or perhaps as I ate up the hamburger or I ate the whole hamburger. Similarly, pià ©nsalo might be translated as think about it, whereas pià ©nsatelo might be translated the same way or as think about it thoroughly. The 'Reflexive Passive' Often, particularly with inanimate objects, the reflexive form is used to indicate an occurrence without indicating the person or thing responsible for that occurrence. Such uses of the reflexive are typically the equivalent of passive verb forms in English, as in the following examples: Se cerraron las puertas. (The doors were closed.)Se habla espaà ±ol aquà ­. (Spanish is spoken here.)Se venden recuerdos. (Souvenirs are sold, or souvenirs for sale.) Reflexive Forms for Emotional Reactions Emotional reactions are often indicated by reflexive verb forms. For example, enojar means to anger. In the reflexive form, enojarse means to become angry or to be angry. Thus, se enoja contra su amigo could be used to say, he gets angry at his friend. Among the many verbs used in such a way are aburrirse, to be bored; alegrarse, to be happy; dolerse, to be hurt; emocionarse, to be excited; horrizarse, to be horrified; and sorprenderse, to be surprised.

What Is the Federal Work Study Program Definition and Guide

What Is the Federal Work Study Program Definition and Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're brainstorming different methods of funding your college education, you've likely considered working your way through school. The federally-funded Work Study program exists to make this option a little more viable. You don't receive a loan or a grant - instead, you get a job that exists partly because this program subsidizes your wages. Work-study awards are unique components of many students' financial aid packages. Because these awards are so different from your typical loan, grant, or scholarship, you might have questions about how they work, exactly. In this post, I'll go over everything you need to know about Work Study. What Is the Work Study Program? As you may already know, the federal government offers many different types of financialaid to students who need help paying for school. When you submit a Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA, you're submitting yourself for consideration for these programs. If you're accepted to a particular school and noted that you would like to be considered for financial aid, you'll receive an aid package from that institution. The package will include the federal aid you're eligible for (grants, loans, and work study awards), in addition to aid awarded by the school (like scholarships). If you're eligible to receive Federal Work Study (FWS), which is a need-based program, the award amount will be listed in this financialaid package. It's built in as a form of "self-help" - basically, it's money that schools expect you to earn during the academic year to help pay for your educational expenses. At this point, you may be wondering how this could be considered an award. It just sounds like a charge you're expected to pay, right? To a certain extent, that's the idea. It's not a grant - you don't get any money handed to you - but it's meant to make your life easier when it comes to getting a campus job. Through the work study program, the federal government subsidized certain jobs (most of which are on campus). Schools hire students with work study awards, and these students' wages are paid in part by that federal money. The amount that the government actually subsidizes depends on the type of work that you're doing, but it good be up to 75% of your wages. Ultimately, this program incentivizes institutions to (1) create jobs that can be filled by part-time students, and (2) hire students with Work Study awards. Example Financial Aid Award With Work Study I've used the FAFSA4caster to come up with an example federal aid award package that includes FWS. In this example, I entered a family gross adjusted income of $65,000 and a total cost of attendance of $65,000. Remember that cost of attendance includes tuition, room, board, fees, and all personal and travel expenses. I'll refer back to this example throughout this article. In this example situation, I would be eligible for $1,465 in Work Study, and $5,500 in Direct Stafford Loans (guide coming soon). The difference between my cost of attendance (CoA) and the total federal aid available to me is $58,035. My expected family contribution (EFC) is $5,930. Let's say for the sake of this example, I attend a school that meets 100% of students' financial need (this, of course, is an idealized and simplified situation). The EFC subtracted from the difference is $52,105, so I'm provided with $52,105 in grants and scholarships. Ultimately, I am personally responsible for working to come up with $1,465 if my true CoA comes out to be $65,000. Who's Eligible for Federal Work Study? In order to qualify for FWS, you must both demonstrate financial need and meet all federal aid requirements. The program is fortunately open to both undergraduate and graduate students. You can use your family's financial information to estimate whether you would receive a FWS award (and if so, how large an award) by checking out the FAFSA4caster. Get step-by-step instructions for using the FAFSA4caster here. The following charts explain all the federal aid requirements in detail. You must do all of the following: Eligibility Requirement Have a high school diploma, GED, or approved homeschool education Be enrolled or accepted to enroll in an eligible degree/certificate program You can check with your school/program’s financial aid office if you want to confirm eligibility Be registered with Selective Service, if you are male and between 18-25 years old If applicable, register with the SS website Have a valid Social Security Number (unless you’re from the Marshall Islands, Federal States of Micronesia, or the Republic of Palau) Sign statements on the FAFSA stating that (1) you’re not in default, and do not owe refund money, on a federal student loan, and (2) you’ll only use federal aid money to help pay for your education Access the FAFSA Maintain â€Å"satisfactory† progress in school If you’re concerned about your academic performance, or have questions about what is considered â€Å"satisfactory,† set up a meeting with your dean or other school administrator. In addition to the above, you must be able to check one of the following: Be a US citizen or US national Have a green card Have an arrival-departure record Have battered immigrant status Have a T-Visa Work Study Jobs Most FWS jobs are on campus, which should make it easier to get from your dorm to class to work. Some nonprofits or public agencies offer FWS positions, although these jobs are relatively rare. Almost any sort of on-campus job could be a Work Study job - in fact, a lot of employers that offer these positions can only afford to hire students with FWS awards (especially because up to 75% of your salary may be subsidized). Examples of Work Study jobs include library staffers, admissions office tour guides, research assistants, and even baristas. I know for a fact that the best student cafe in Harvard Yard exclusively hires students with FWS awards. Getting paid to make (and drink) coffee? Yes please. How Much Can You Make? Your hourly salary will be at least the current federal minimum wage, which is $8.25/hr at the moment. You could possibly earn more, depending on what you're doing and what school you're attending. Many schools have their own campus minimum wages; for example, the minimums at Harvard for work study jobs stand at $10/hr for undergrads, and $12.50/hr for grad students. Work Study Limits There are a few restrictions to where and how you can earn FWS money, but generally it's a pretty flexible program. First, in order to get a Work Study job, you have to attend a school that participates in the Work Study program. Your school's financial aid program will be able to tell you whether they have FWS jobs on campus. They'll also be able to direct you to FWS job postings. If you do get a FWS award, you should know that the annual maximum is $7,000, but the average award is much lower - around $1,465. As for how you use your work study money, you're free to do whatever you'd like with it. Your wages will go directly to you, unless you request that the money be sent to your school so it can be applied to charges for things like tuition, room, and board. A word of warning: if you spend your earnings on things that are not budgeted into your estimated cost of attendance, you could leave yourself with a "gap" between how much money you have, and how much money it costs to attend school. For example, let's say (based on the financial aid package I described earlier in the post) that all of my aid goes to tuition, room, board, and fees. I still have to pay for laundry, books, and transportation; that's what my FWS award ($1,465) is earmarked for. If I do something else with my FWS earnings (say, buy expensive concert tickets), I won't have the money I need to fund personal expenses. You do not want this to happen; your roommates will not be pleased if you have to bum quarters off them for laundry. Do You Have to Take a Work Study Job If You Have a Work Study Award? The short answer is no, you're under no obligation to take a FWS job. If a FWS award has been factored into your budget in your financial aid package, and you decide not to take a job, you could choose to live more frugally to lower your cost of attendance. This is a good option if you're planning on using your earnings to pay for personal expenses (like in the example I described above). You are also free to take on a non-Work Study job. Just be aware that earnings from a non-FWS job will reduce your federal aid eligibility if by 50% over $6,310. If you make $8,000, for example, your federal aid eligibility would decrease by $845. You won't see this decrease in aid eligibility from earnings at a FWS job. How Do You Apply? Now that you've learned all about the federal Work Study program, you know that it's a good option for students who are interested in working part-time while in school. You can apply for a FWS award by submitting a Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA (get step-by-step directions here). Application deadlines for this program vary by school, but funds tend to be limited. It's best to apply earlier rather than later (e.g. submit your application early spring for the next academic year). Contact your financial aid office to check on detailed information on deadlines for FWS applications. Keep in mind that having a Work Study award doesn't guarantee a Work Study position - you have to apply for jobs once you're on campus, just like for any other part-time position. You still have to apply for FWS positions, but the good news is you'll get great application interview experience Planning Ahead: You Have a Work Study Award, So Now What? If you already have a FWS award, or think you might receive one, you'll find strategies for making the most of it in this section. Be Proactive Work Study jobs are often highly coveted. If you're planning on using your FWS award, start looking for jobs as soon as you get on campus. Check out your school's job database or career center. If a prospective employer participates in the Work Study program, they'll be incentivized to hire you if you notify them about your award. Budget Out Your Award It can be tempting to work a lot of hours at your FWS job once you start getting in those paychecks. If you have a smaller award amount, or if you work many hours, you could run out of your FWS money faster than you anticipate. If your employer has hired you specifically because you have FWS, they may not be able to afford you if you run out of funds. Step 1: How many weeks do you plan on working during the academic year? Subtract any summer or vacation time that you won't be working. Step 2: Assuming that your award is subsidizing 75% of your paycheck (this might vary), divide your total FWS award by (hourly rate multiplied by 75%). This gives you the total number of hours you can work for the year. Step 3: Divide the number you calculated in Step 2 by the number of weeks you calculated in Step 1 to get your average number of hours per week. Be honest with your employer about your Work Study Award. Chances are, she's had FWS employees before, and knows that you'll have to stay within certain earnings parameters. She may even have a budget to keep paying you after you run out of FWS funds, which is another reason to keep her in the loop. Track Your Earnings Once or twice a semester, it's smart to double-check whether your FWS award amount is where you expect it to be. This gives you the opportunity to catch and correct any mistakes (for example, if you've earned $1,000 but $2,000 has been deducted from your Work Study award). You should be able to check the status of your FWS award through your employer, or through your student employment office. FWS awards can change from year to year, especially if you report any outside scholarships or awards. This can be frustrating, especially if you find a FWS-only job that you really like. Be prepared to be flexible when it comes to budgeting out your Work Study job earnings. What's Next? If you're interested in the federal Work Study program, you should also learn more about other types of federal aid. After all, you'll only have to submit one application to be considered for all these different aid programs! Learn more about the Pell Grant, Direct Unsubsidized Loans, and Direct Subsidized Loans. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Inside Criminal Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inside Criminal Law - Assignment Example The two purposes can be broadly described as legal and social in nature. With regard to the legal angle, the purpose of criminal law is to protect and punish. The law empowers enforcement agencies and even citizens the right to protect individuals and the society. It also empowers the judiciary to punish persons proved to indulge in acts of crime. There are also those who feel that criminal law (or any statute for that matter) acts as a deterrent and will help in teaching social boundaries. Punishment for negligent or rash driving can be stated as an example. The two main functions of criminal law is given here which is based on protection against criminal activities. Protection is for both individuals and the society as a whole, which are deemed as functions of criminal law. Experts feel that the part of protecting individuals is clearly understood, but in the case of collective protection, the concept is more complex. An example, as provided by Gaines and Miller will make the point clear. A fire retardant (protected) mattress is sold to a hotel without washing instructions. The employees (unknowingly) wash the mattress in a manner that lessens such properties, and a guest starts a major fire by falling asleep with a lit cigarette. This act of not providing a label with washing instructions can be considered to be a criminally negligent act under the Flammable Fabrics Act. It may be difficult to differentiate between functions and purpose of criminal law. But reference to literature provides the above mentioned outlook on the two aspect s (functions and purpose) of criminal law. Members of the US society, collectively and individually can take recourse to a number of written statutes and laws in order to avail protection and justice from criminal activities. They include the American common law, state criminal codes, municipal ordinances, state and

Dolphins Facts and Information Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dolphins Facts and Information - Article Example They are also believed to have once lived on land some ten million years ago. According to scientists, dolphins’ skeleton shows that its front flippers are a modified form of hands and the two unattached bones behind its ribcage are pelvic girdles, to which hind limbs once attached (MacGillivray, 2000). Interestingly, dolphins are known for its complex communication which consists of their call ranges, cognitive skills, and ability to modify signals through vocal learning. A study by Janik (2000) revealed how bottlenose dolphin uses whistles that could reach over 580 meters to interact one another. Aside from this, dolphins are known to communicate through sonar which interests auditory researchers, acoustical physics, and even military scientists. In his book â€Å"The Sonar of Dolphins†, Au (1993) documented the abilities to echolocate which means it can explore the depths of the ocean through echo and with little use of sight. With almost forty species, dolphins are known to reach sexual maturity for about six to ten years and copulate from belly to belly through a gestation period which takes up to 11-17 months. After this period, mother dolphins nurse her baby for about a year as female dolphins give birth to one calf every two years. Moreover, when it comes to its sleeping behavior, it is known that dolphins suffocate in full deep sleep and so, they only sleep one half of their brain at a time for about 8 hours a day (Ridgway, 1990). With this, their lifespan could reach a maximum of 40 up to 50 years. Dolphins have long been a fascination for human civilization since the ancient Greek period. These marine mammals are said to have always been friendly to the boaters and bathers at the ancient city of Greece.  

Explore to what extent the concept of motherhood is constructed Essay

Explore to what extent the concept of motherhood is constructed - Essay Example Those studies particularly show that the most widely accepted notions about motherhood are not innate in women and women were not actually born to fulfill those roles. To understand how the conventional views on motherhood came to be, it is important to study first what construction is. After which, the construction of motherhood will be studied. Studying motherhood construction is necessary in determining what a good and bad mother is. It is likewise important to study these notions about good and bad motherhood and to highlight that those notions are dependent on social contexts. The conventional views on motherhood are neither innate nor universal. They were a product of different social factors. The creation of these views is called motherhood construction. Several studies have been made in the past few decades concerning the construction of motherhood—its nature, the factors involved in it, and its psychological and social effects on women. A review of literature concerning motherhood shows a consensus among studies that motherhood is socially constructed. For instance, Woodward (1997) noted that different social, cultural, ethnical, and economic factors tend to create their own models of motherhood. This view is supported by Klee, Jackson, and Lewis (2002) who found that the definitions of good motherhood are neither constant nor universal. Since the construction of motherhood is already well-accepted, the main concern now is to determine the extent to which motherhood is constructed. This study focuses the nature of motherhood construction and the dominant views on ‘good’ and ‘bad’ motherhood. The most dominant view of a good mother is that of a woman who is at the ‘right’ age and is engaged in a stable heterosexual relationship (Unger, 2004, p.182). On the other hand, mothers who are â€Å"single, Black, young, working-class, and in lesbian

Original intent of Second amendment Essay Example for Free

Original intent of Second amendment Essay The second Amendment text is very clear to most of us, â€Å"A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed† (Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution). Is such a text so complex to comprehend? It appears that yes, it is complex. Even a number of those who back it are not fond of the wording of the text, since it supposedly raises misunderstanding. However, the Second Amendment is in fact a well-formulated statement. By this it means that, the wordings of Second Amendment only allow one logical interpretation of the intended meaning, â€Å"the right of individuals to own firearms need to be upheld and respected† (Van Alstyne, 1242). This essay aims at discussing the original intent of the second amendment, to discuss this issue; the paper will start by explaining the founding father’s viewpoint of their intent in writing the second amendment. Then, the paper will explore the meaning of the word â€Å"militia† as it was used in its historical perspective for a clear theoretical understanding. The essay will also review the Miller vs.  US (1939), court case which is related to the subject under discussion, and lastly a brief conclusion will be provided to sum up the essay. The founding fathers’ view of second amendment The founding fathers of America who founded the American nation were well educated, and a lot of them studied Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages which allowed them to study the classic literature from their original scripts. The founding fathers were as well influenced by different great philosophers who lived before them like Aristotle, Plato, Richard hooker, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Adam Smith, Sir William Blackstone and many others (Skousen, 67). Sir, Blackstone an English law scholar and lecturer at the Oxford University was the most influential since he lived at same era with the founding fathers. In his well-known commentaries about England laws, he for instance incorporated the right to firearms as one of the five â€Å"absolute right of Englishmen† (Gottlieb, 72) When the Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson, he recognized ‘unalienable rights’, which included life as well as liberty. These two rights are as well called natural rights, and are believed to have been given to man by nature or God and these rights can not be lawfully denied (Gottlieb, 72). During this period, John Adam in his writing wrote that there exists a law though not written down at anyplace, but which is inherent, a law that comes to human beings without any training or tradition or learning but which is derived and absorbed and adopted from nature. He added that this law had came to man by practice and not theory, and through natural intuition and not by instruction. He concluded that he was referring to the law which stipulates that, if an individual life is endangered by armed robbers or violence or by an enemy, then an individual had a moral obligation to use any method possible to protect himself. Thus, John Adams had a conviction that every person was born as a free individual and with his independence, and such a person had some natural, basic and undeniable rights, and one of the rights was the right to defend one’s life and liberties (Cooper, 25). During the month in which the Declaration of Independence was written, Thomas Jefferson had written a model constitution for the state of Virginia which stipulated that â€Å"no free man shall be denied the use of firearms† (Gollieb, 68). The American founding fathers had personal experienced the pain of being occupied by the British troops and they understood how it felt to be occupied by foreign forces. In addition, they understood the essence of having prepared citizens to challenge the power of a suppressing government or an attacking army. Without the armed citizen, victory and success of Americans in the revolutionary war fought to liberate the country would possibly have not been achievable. In addition, Richard Gardener who was a Director of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explains that during the period of American Revolution, the English law had established a custom of keeping and carrying firearms which went back for nearly 100 years. Thus, it was in this custom of an individual’s right to own and use firearm for personal defense, and also to for defending the country that sparked off the American Revolution when the British army that was occupying America tried to takeover powder stores and disarm the people of Boston, seeking to deny them the ability of protecting their natural rights. After the revolution war and victory to the Americans, the founding fathers were faced with a new challenge; this challenge was establishing a constructive government for the new independent nation. Naturally, the founding fathers utilized their vast knowledge of philosophy and history together with spiritual beliefs, to formulate a government for the people of America which above all would preserve and maintain individual liberties and govern the people through their consent. Among the freedoms which were not to be interfered by the government were speech, religion and press. But, the founding fathers of the nation were also firm in their conviction that firearms were legitimate, valuable and essential component of a free nation. Richard Henry Lee wrote that, to protect and maintain liberty, it was necessary that the entire mass of people always should possess arms and more so, they should be taught particularly when they are young on how to use these arms (Gottlieb, 74). Accordingly, it can be seen that the fathers who founded America were not ashamed in any way about their liking of fire arms. For instance, Thomas Jefferson got a handgun when he was only ten years. Jefferson had a conviction that each boy ought to be given a chance to carry a gun. Below is an extract form one of the letters he sent to his nephew. †¢ A body that is strong makes the mind to be strong. For exercising your body and mind, I recommend a gun, whereas this provides a modest exercise to ones body, it as well offers boldness, activity and autonomous to the mind. Ball games and some other games are extremely violent to the body and they do not provide any character to the mind. Therefore, let your firearm be the usual escort as you work (Gottlieb, 70) During the ratification of the constitution, Van Alstyne (1237) explains that, both sides on the political divide supported the right of citizens to own firearms. John Adams and his cousin Sam Adams on opposing sides of the debate to make the ratification both agreed that, citizens had a right to own and carry firearms. At the Massachusetts conference, Sam opposed any ratification unless if accompanied by a stipulation â€Å"that the said Constitution be never construed o prevent the people of the United States, who are peaceable citizens, from keeping their own arms. † (Gottlieb, 73) On the other hand John Adams, who later became president of America, wrote that firearms being owned by citizens might be used according to a person’s judgment, to defend his country, overthrow an oppressive regime, or defend himself (Gottlieb, 73). Indeed, those opposing the federalist government, like George Mason opposed the ratification of the constitution because it did not contain the Bill of Rights. Mason, who earlier had taken part in the constitution writing left, Philadelphia earlier and refused to endorse the document, since it did not incorporate a particular bill of rights, He reminded the delegates at Virginia that the revolutionary war fought earlier had been started by the attempt of the British to impound the firearms of the patriots of Concord. Thus, Mason liken the British approach of trying o disarm people, as a way to try and enslave them. Gottlieb, 59) However, Alexander Hamilton argued that it was not necessary to include the bill of rights since the individuals were already having those rights and they could not be denied or taken away from them. He added that, if the government which represented the people betrayed its people, then the citizens will not have any option apart from exercising their initial right of defending themselves, he further argued that, this right is important, and should be given to the people by all positive governments. But, supposing the government creates an army to force its will; then such an army will never be strong enough to defeat people ready and willing to defend their won rights. Madison as well was against the bill of rights (Van Alstyne, 1234). However, he gave in because of pressure from the Anti-Federalist (who wanted a fresh constitutional convention) so that he could preserve what had been already achieved regarding the constitution. But, Madison made a promise to propose some amendments to include the Bill of Rights supposing the constitution was ever ratified. As we are aware, the constitution was later ratified and true to his words, Madison fulfilled his earlier promise. Here is an original wording amendment that Madison initially proposed in the House of Representatives in August of 1789 â€Å"A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, being the best security of free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms†. (Halbrook, 77) But, Halbrook (78) explains that there was a debate afterwards and thus some alterations on the wording of the text were done, for example the mention of religious people was removed. To add on that, Halbrook also explains that since there was a general understanding on the meaning of the word ‘militia’, the expression â€Å"composed of the body of the people,† was removed from the text to make it short and clear (Halbrook, 78). At the time the first congress adopted the Bill of Rights, there was an understanding that the federal government had limited powers over the citizens. Presently a number of people dispute the understanding that the Second Amendment provided each and every citizen the right to own and carry firearms. They argue that the right stated in the Amendment implies a ‘collective right of the nation’ however such a viewpoint ignore the phrase â€Å"the right of the people† a phrase used in the first, then the second and also in the fourth amendments. Moreover, supposing that the collective concept is used on some other amendments which acknowledges natural rights of an individual or on individual rights like speech and religion, then it will mean that the state would as well have power over these rights also! A notion that would shock and outrage the country. In addition, the positioning of the Second Amendment within the Bill of Rights, which is amidst the rights of speech, right to assembly and the right of individuals from unnecessary searches and confiscations clearly indicates that the concept of collective right by the state is incorrect. In deed, Alan Gottlieb, president of The Second Amendment Foundation, asserts that each of founding fathers who debated arms categorically endorsed possession of firearms as a basic individual right (Gottlieb, 76). To explore this observation we shall outline the thoughts of George Washington.