Group Theory Elements And Dynamics Management Essay

Group Theory Elements And Dynamics Management Essay Importance of Groups and Team has become a major focus in the business world. Organizations have well realized that the evolution from individual to team management approach is a priority in current time. The reality is that much of the organizations work is accomplished directly or indirectly through teams. Teams are used as means of growing effectiveness and efficiency in many organizations. Group procedure and conflicts directly impact the choice of team member selection and required results. Creating an effective team is an art and a science. Any organization is constantly changing and evolving. Change is good and the ability of an organization to adapt and be flexible helps stimulate the organizations growth (Mukherjee and Mukherjee, 2001). The use of teams to administer various undertakings and projects are utilized increasingly by organizations with hopes that the performance and creativity of these teams will take them to the next ladder to success in the business world. This explains the words of H.E. Luccock No one can whistle a symphony. It takes an orchestra to play it. Definition A work group is a number of persons, usually reporting to a common superior and having some face-to-face interactions, who have some degree of interdependence in carrying out tasks for the purpose of achieving organizational goals. (Wendell L. French, Cecil H. Bell Jr., p. 155). A team on the other hand has some distinctiveness higher to that of an ordinary group, including higher degree of symbiosis and interaction and higher commitments to achieve organization goals. Therefore, according to Jon Katzenbach and Douglas Smith, a team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Working in groups generates work relationships among individuals who get tied to one another with personal and social ties, which makes them an informal organization. An informal organization consists of relationships that emerge and persist as a result of workers existing in the same workplace and having common objectives and similar problems. An informal organization emerges as a result of a formal organization because it is the latter that gathers workers in the same place to perform certain duties and reach specified objectives. Besides, it represents the formal centers, relations and channels of communication between the workers and the rules that govern their behaviors and relations. Basic elements of the group Work teams and informal organization are based on the following elements: Relations among members: This consists of the daily dealings between individuals regarding their work and personal aspects. The relations of members are among the indices used to find out how far the group is holding together. Roles These constitute roles given to team members can be similar to or different from their roles in the formal organization. One member may be assigned the task of solving work problems; another undertakes the groups recreational and social activities. Role assignment depends upon many factors such as the individuals position in the group, his age, experience, ability and interests and personal characteristics, the extent of his being tied to the group and love for its members. Values There are certain social values prevailing within the group from which members are inspired in their work. The group may follow the values of honesty and integrity at work, competition and production at the best possible levels. The members love for their group can be induced from their compliance with the values prevailing within it. Behavioral rules There are certain behavioral rules dictated by the group upon its members such as helping one another, correcting someone when he makes an error. There are a lot of rules that have to be observed by group members. Feelings Some feelings arise among group members as a result of their daily encounters and continuous relations. These are the same feelings as those found in the bigger society such as love and hatred, acceptance and rejection, peace and dispute, etc. If the group is settled and the informal organization persists, it can serve many major purposes, for it provides the chance of the workers acquaintance with one another and their subsequent cooperation and mutual assistance. Factors that affect the groups behavior The individuals objectives and the extent of their conformity or contradiction with those of the group. The values and principles held by individuals and the degree of with their consistency with the organization values and principles. The nature of work performed by individuals and the degree of it consistency with their interests and abilities. The technological means used at work and the degree of their being modern or old. Technical and social training received by the individual. Ways of superiors and supervisors in dealing with their subordinates. The policies of the organization. The services provided by the management or organization to the individual. Disciplinary and punitive regulations and the procedures of their implementation. Group Theory Elements and Dynamics According to Johnson Johnson there are five major elements that must be present for a group to successfully reach a goal. The five elements are positive interdependence, individual accountability, primitive interaction, appropriate use of social skills, and group processing. One of the factors established in group dynamics is that to have a group, two or more must be present and in like mindset of achieving a common goal. For this goal to be achieved certain skills must be present for a successful outcome.   The skills required to have a successful group, and  certainly to have a successful outcome, involve every group member and certainly his or her participation and commitment. As listed by the authors one of the elements, positive interdependence of group members is necessary to have a successful group. This particular element ensures that one member cannot succeed without coordinating his or her efforts with all the other group members to complete the task. This specific element also helps to eliminate diffusion of group responsibility. Each group member must partake equally and effectively in achieving the set goal so all members must have the same set of motivational factors. First and foremost to be successful the group must achieve its goals, maintain a good working relationship among its members, and lastly be able to adapt to the changing conditions it meets during the process of accomplishing the goal (Johnson Johnson, 2000 P. 12).   Clear, relevant and concise goals must be established and agreed upon by group members as such that a high level of commitment is evoked insuring completion of every group members interdependent contribution to the goal. Two-way communication is paramount for the group to be a success and all members should be aware that each and every one is to assume and participate in the role of leader. There should be a balance in power and decision-making, usually the preferred method being by consensus. According to Johnson and Johnson controversies are certainly going to arise in the group process. When this occurs group members should challenge conclusions and reasoning, resulting in creative decision-making and problem solving. This particular group dynamic presents an opportunity for growth for the group members. Group members should face conflicts which will be promoted by incompatibilities and engage in problem-solving negotiations to resolve such conflicts. Several strategies can be use d including withdrawal, forcing, smoothing, compromising and problem solving. Conflicts arising are an important factor and tend to increase group effectiveness (Johnson Johnson, 2000).   The importance of team work Teamwork is important for an endless amount of reasons. There are so many things that are virtually impossible to take on without the use of a team that knows how to work together. The importance of teamwork is something that should be touched on during team building events. If this concept is not understood and carried out at work, your team will not be running as a solid unit. Understanding your team and the many facets of it is just the beginning. The main reason to form a team is to accomplish something intense that cannot easily be achieved by just one person. People need to rely on each other sometimes and understanding that is the start to a potentially great working relationship. When we all come together with one specific shared goal, success is that much easier to obtain. Its also much more efficient and effective than trying to tackle a huge challenge by one member. Nothing great was ever achieved by one person alone. It took many to build the pyramids so why should it take only one to build your ideal business? Understand that you can only benefit from working as a team. Compromise is the secret weapon of strong team that knows where their priorities lie. Nobody can be right all the time. Working as a team means understanding that compromise is essential for everyone to have their say and input. In order to unite for the purpose of success and forward progression, some will have to concede that their way is not the best. And that is what working with others is about. Learning from each other is a great way to grow as an individual and as a whole. When you work closely with others, you tend to spend just as much time with them as you do with your own family. This can make for intimate working relations where you cant help but get to know others well. Breaking down these barriers and really getting to know each other will improve the quality of your team. By removing the stiff or formal element and working in a relaxed, comfortable atmosphere, teams get to know one anothers skills and talents. This makes it easy to select people for roles that you know they are capable of handling. Create a Culture of Teamwork To make teamwork happen, these powerful actions must occur. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Executive leaders communicate the clear expectation that teamwork and collaboration are expected. No one completely owns a work area or process all by himself. People who own work processes and positions are open and receptive to ideas and input from others on the team. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Executives model teamwork in their interaction with each other and the rest of the organization. They maintain teamwork even when things are going wrong and the temptation is to slip back into former team unfriendly behavior. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The organization members talk about and identify the value of a teamwork culture. If values are formally written and shared, teamwork is one of the key five or six. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Teamwork is rewarded and recognized. The lone ranger, even if she is an excellent producer, is valued less than the person who achieves results with others in teamwork. Compensation, bonuses, and rewards depend on collaborative practices as much as individual contribution and achievement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Important stories and folklore that people discuss within the company emphasize teamwork. (Remember the year the capsule team reduced scrap by 20 percent?) People who do well and are promoted within the company are team players. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The performance management system places emphasis and value on teamwork. Often 360 degree feedback is integrated within the system. Skills for High Performance Teamwork Basic Communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn how peoples perceptions and viewpoints differ. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn the basics of face-to-face communication. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analyze the difference between one-way and two-way communication. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Understand the skill of listening. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Improve active listening skills. Giving and Receiving Feedback Learn what feedback is. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Discover how open or closed to giving and receiving feedback. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn to give effective feedback to others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn how to receive live feedback from others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Practice giving and receiving live feedback from team members. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Make a personal improvement plan to respond to team feedback. Group Dynamics Learn what group dynamic is. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Experience and discuss group dynamics in action. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn about group process and shared leadership. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Determine what you can do personally to improve group process skills. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rate the teams group process. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify how the team will improve its group process. Team Decision-Making à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Discuss barriers to group decision-making. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn about methods of group decision-making. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Practice consensus decision-making. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Practice a group decision-making model. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify how the team will improve its group decision-making. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Review who is responsible for current team decisions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify team decision issues to be addressed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Discuss shifting to ideal team decision-making responsibilities. Team Problem Solving à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn the challenges of group problem solving. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gain a working definition of problem solving. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Create a model for group problem solving and how to use it. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn how to do creative brainstorming. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn how to use cause and affect diagrams to analyze problems. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analyze how well your team is set up for effective problem solving. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn the areas of group problem solving in which the team will improve. Conflict Resolution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn a definition of unhealthy conflict and how to keep from crossing over into it. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn about the different conflict management styles. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use a model to help choose a response to potential conflict situations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Assess which conflict styles the most often use. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Practice Step Model for resolving conflict. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Decide how to modify your conflict style and how you will better handle your current conflicts. Time Management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn how currently using the time. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn the barriers which keep from managing the time more effectively. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn the difference between the important and the urgent, and how to schedule time for the important. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learn to set professional goals to guide your use of time. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Create a systematic approach to managing daily events. Enhanced task performance and synergy Synergy is the effect that the combined return whole is greater than the sum of the individual parts (Sebastian Knoll, Cross-Business Synergies, page 14) The phenomenon of Synergy within a Group or Team has become one of the most vital parts for an organization. People who work in groups are able to produce more efficiently and they confer greater quality of output than that produced by an individual and their productivity combined. Joint problem solving, variety in ideas and knowledge, different views towards an issue and accomplishing difficult tasks are some of the factors added by synergy in groups. To make utilize of synergy in groups managers need to make sure that, the group they put together comprise a variety of skills and talents which are diverse and corresponding but still relevant to the task, and being certain that these skills are coordinated efficiently. Managers should make sure that the groups achieve goals for the organization in their own way and enough independence is provided to solve problems. Case studies about group dynamic and teamwork In todays competitive world where every organization is striving to gain the best position in the market the concept of Group Development and Teamwork are steadily gaining importance. Individual decision making has taken a back stage and paved the way for team management approach for problem solving and decision making which has been productive for the organizations. This strategy not only benefits the organization but also the individual employee, hence its been rapidly adopted by businesses. McDonald Management Professor Tracy McDonald also endorses the above facts that groups and teams take an organization to the next level of high performance and output through motivation, creativity and responsiveness and states that The teamwork push probably started in business in the late 1970s or early 80s with the advent of quality circles [employee problem-solving teams], she says innovation, creativity and change have been some of the main drivers of team success and since the past 10 years, organizations have embraced this concept with welcoming hands. Toyota motor Yuki Funo the Chairman and CEO of Toyota motor, states that the Toyota way is the way to number 1. One of the principles of the Toyota way is to add value to the organization by developing your people and people can be developed by molding them into exceptional individuals and teams to work within the corporate philosophy. Facebook Nippard B. creator a Facebook group (teamwork ladder) on teamwork states that more than 80% of fortune 500 companies subscribe to teamwork. Teamwork brings success no matter how you define victory. Conclusion Team oriented approach is the order of the day when it comes to successful organizations who have empowered their employees, motivated them and involved them in such a way that the existence of the organization wouldnt have been possible without the existence of teams of such highly motivated individuals. Teamwork has bought the employee and the organization closer than ever. Problem solving, creativity, innovation and shared vision are as synonymous to teamwork as teamwork is to success. Although team building is a complex process and there are many challenges that hinder a teams success, it can be concluded that the team is the right organization for every task, the new orthodoxy and a reincarnation of the one-best-way. (Drucker P. 1999)

CRT Monitors vs. LCD Monitors Essay -- Compare Contrast Comparison

CRT Monitors vs. LCD Monitors The monitor is likely the most important part of the computer. Without it, you would have no idea what you were doing. Imagine trying to write a term paper, or surf the Internet without one. It would be impossible. While the technology powering the displays doesn’t change as fast as it does for other parts of the computer, there are advances which provide consumers with many choices for displays. Today, the most popular displays come in two types, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs). CRTs have been around longer, and are the most common due to the fact that they are cheaper. However the convenient size of LCDs along with falling prices has made them a popular choice as of late. This paper will examine the similarities and differences of the two, and try to determine if one is better than the other. The CRT monitors work in a fashion similar to that of standard television sets. An electron gun is mounted at the back of the monitor. The gun fires a steam of electrons in a sweeping motion towards the front of the monitor. The electrons then pass through either an aperture grille, or a shadow mask. These items work to filter the electrons into focused beams onto the front plate. The grill does this via thin vertical wires, while the mask does this with a series of small holes. After passing through the filter, the electrons collide with the screen. The screen is covered with a serried of red, green and yellow phosphors that light up when hit by the electrons. By combining different intensities of the three colors, many different colors and images can be created. While LCDs also create pictures by lighting up red, green and yellow pixels, the ... ...f whether the extra cost of the LCD is worth the space it will save on the desk. After examining the two types of monitors, it seems that they are similar in more aspects than they are different. Over the last few years LCD screens have closed the gap in many of the categories in which the CRT was superior. In most cases, the choice depends on the personal preference of the individual user. For the hard-core gamer or digital artist a CRT may be slightly better due to the faster response time and better color purity. For most consumers the choice of an LCD or CRT monitor will depend on the price issue. While the cost of LCD screens has been declining over the past few years, they are still considerably more expensive that a comparable CRT. However if money isn’t an issue, a slim and sleek looking LCD might be the way to go over the massive CRT behemoths.

Macbeth’s Crimes Essay

Macbeth’s crimes are blood, appalling and pitiless. Does Shakespeare present this â€Å"butcher†, â€Å"hell-kite† and â€Å"fiend† as a monster or as someone with whom it is possible to feel sympathy? The play Macbeth was written by William Shakespeare. It was written for the successor of Elizabeth I, James I of England. James I of England, who was James VI of Scotland, was a descendent of Banquo, and for this reason Shakespeare changed his play from the way this event actually took place in history. In history Banquo actually aided Macbeth in the killing of Duncan, this would have upset the king and may have got Shakespeare in a lot of trouble. Therefore Shakespeare changed it so that Banquo was not part of the plan to murder the king and was against the idea totally. Shakespeare added the witches into the play, as James was deeply interested in witchcraft. This would make the play more appealing to the king. James was a firm believe of â€Å"The Divine Right Of Kings†, this was a way of thinking that kings were hand picked by God and that they were, second in the hierarchy of the whole universe underneath God. As James believed in this way of thinking it made the murder of Duncan a lot more dramatic. When Duncan was murdered there was dramatic affects on Scotland. Shakespeare showed this unnatural affect over Scotland by things happening that would not happen normally. Such as horses eating each other and earthquakes happening. In the play Macbeth is shown as a tradgic hero. A tradgic hero is when a great heroic man has a weakness in his character, for Macbeth the flaw in his character is his great ambition. His flaw has come from the witches telling him the 3 prophecies. This turned his whole perspective around and that was when his ambition took over. As the play starts we see do not see Macbeth but we hear of how great a man he is and how much of a great brave worrier he is highly respected by all of his fellow Thanes and he also commands high respect from the king as well. There seems to be a connection with him and the witches in the first scene as the witches say â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair† (act 1, scene I) This quotation show that things are not exactly what they seem. Macbeth repeats these words later on in that act. â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have no seen† (Act 1, scene III) When Macbeth says this there is a sense that the witch has already got some power over him, even though they have not met each other yet. At the battle the sergeant seems very happy that they had Macbeth on his side. The sergeant shows that he has great respect for Macbeth by complimenting him. † Except they mount to the battle in reeking wounds; or memorize another Golgotha† (Act 1, scene II) This phrase means that the sergeant was not sure if Macbeth and Banquo wanted to swim in blood or make another Golgotha, which was when Jesus was sacrificed. King Duncan also shows his respect for Macbeth when he says: † O valiant cousin! Worthy gentlemen!† (Act 1, scene II) Duncan is showing that he has great amounts of respect for Macbeth. After the battle has taken place Macbeth and Banquo are on their way home when the come across the 3 witches. The witches great Macbeth with 3 prophesies: 1. All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! 2. All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! 3. All hail Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter. As Macbeth is told he will be king hereafter there is a thought in the back of his mind to kill the king. These prophecies have shocked Macbeth and when the witches start to leave he tries to make them stay. He tries to make them tell him more about the prophecies. When Ross tells Macbeth that he has become Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth has the thought of killing the king again. Banquo says to him self in a soliloquy â€Å"What can the devil speak true?† (Act1, scene III) Banquo is stunned at the news, as is Macbeth. Macbeth asks them where they got this information as the Thane of Cawdor lives. Ross says that the Thane of Cawdor has been a traitor and that he is to be hanged. In Macbeths first soliloquy he says â€Å"Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor: The greatest is behind.† (Act 1, scene III) This shows that Macbeth has great trust in the prophecies and is contemplating weather or not to kill the king. Macbeth also shows that he doesn’t really want to kill the king when he says † If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, with out my stir.† (Act 1, scene III) Macbeth is showing resistance to killing the king as he thinks that if he doesn’t do anything then maybe he will have a change of being king. This shows that Macbeth does have a conscience and that he knows the difference between right and wrong. There is a great contrast between Banquo and Macbeth when they are told about each of their prophecies. Macbeth looks a lot in to them where as Banquo doesn’t really look into them much. Banquo also warns Macbeth that the witches prophecies may not be the whole truth and may cause a lot of damage to him, despite this Macbeth still wants to be king. This shows Macbeth has ambition and this is the flaw of his character. Macbeth is not at all happy with Duncan’s decision to make Malcolm, The Prince of Cumberland his heir to the throne. Macbeth is so angry with the decision in his soliloquy he says â€Å"Stars hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires† (Act 1 scene III) Macbeth has reached a turning point he wants to kill Duncan because now there is now way the he can become king unless he kills Duncan. The quotation shows that he knows what he is going to do is wrong so he wants to make no one can see what he is doing. In act 1 scene VII Macbeth has another soliloquy in which he faces a real dilemma. He is stuck with the decision weather or not to kill the king. His say â€Å"He is here in double trust: First as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against deed; then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door† (Act 1, scene VII) Macbeth is really confused at this point he is not sure if he wants to kill Duncan or not. The quote above shows if he does then he is going against his morals and conscience. I think Macbeth knows the full consequences of what he is about to do, this is why he has some doubt in his mind, as the consequences are terrible. Macbeth then talks to his wife about his plan to kill Duncan, and how he is having second thoughts about killing Duncan. Lady Macbeth teases him, so out of pride Macbeth is forced into killing Duncan. In Act 2 Scene I Macbeth is all alone when he sees a dagger in front off him. â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee: I have thee not† (Act 2, scene I) I think that there is a large significance of this dagger being there. The dagger is blood soaked and is pointing towards the chambers of the king. I think that the dagger is a way of his mind showing us that he has a guilty conscience and that he has become possessed by evil. All of the forcing from his wife has passed him over to the evil side and now he is dead set on killing Duncan. There is also an element of ambition, as he wants to kill Duncan to show he is capable and also for himself to show that he is a real man to his wife. Once Macbeth has murdered Duncan he acts very strange almost like he is in a daze. He looks very disturbed, he says â€Å"This is a sorry sight† (Act2, scene II) He says this as he is looking at his hands as if he was disgusted with himself and that he couldn’t believe he had done such a terrible thing. While Macbeth was killing Duncan he heard voices saying â€Å"Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep† (Act 2, scene II) This really got to Macbeth, he didn’t know where the voice came from and it really startled him. Lady Macbeth just told him to take no notice of what the voices had said. â€Å"But wherefore could not I pronounce ‘Amen’? I had most need of blessing, and ‘Amen’ stuck in my throat.† (Act 2, scene II) This also scared Macbeth has when he was about to kill Duncan he wanted to say a prayer but the word ‘Amen’ was stuck in his throat. These two affects were the first few consequences of killing Duncan. â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous sea incarnadine, Make the green one red† (Act 2, scene II) This quote shows Macbeth is starting to feel guilty about his actions. When Macbeth says will great Neptune’s oceans wash this blood clean from my hands he is conveying that it is such a bad thing that he has done nothing in the universe can clear him of his sins. Macbeth shows regret for him killing Duncan when he says â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst!† (Act 2, scene II) Macbeth is becoming unstable mentally and is regretting killing Duncan. In act 3 Scene 4 Macbeth is having a banquet. At the start Macbeth is called away to see on of the murderers who gave him a report. Macbeth wanted Banquo and his son Fleance to be killed, the murderers only killed Banquo but Fleance got away. â€Å"Then comes my fit again: I had else been perfect; Whole as the marble, founded as the rock, As broad and general as the casing air: But now I am cabin’d, cribb’d, confin’d, bound in To saucy doubts and fears.† (Act 3, scene IV) Macbeth is very frustrated that the killers did not kill Fleance as it has ruined his plan but he believes he can get around this hiccup. Once Macbeth has returned to the banquet he is asked to join the Lords. Lenox says to Macbeth here is a place reserv’d, sir. Macbeth asks him where? Lenox says here my good lord. What is’t that moves your highness? Macbeth goes into a rage and starts to scream â€Å"Which of you have done this?† (Act 3, scene IV) Macbeth sees Banquos ghost in his chair, now Macbeth is going insane. All of the guest’s start to worry about the king but lady Macbeth tells them â€Å"Sit worthy friends: my lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth: pray you keep seat; the fit is momentary; upon a thought He will again be well.† (Act 3, scene IV) Lady Macbeth is trying to cover for Macbeth by saying that he is disturbed because of a childhood drama. Lady Macbeth does this out of panic so that none of the lords are worried about the king. This could also affect his respect and reputation with the lords as they may think he is delusional. Lady Macbeth covers for Macbeth very well. Lady Macbeth then asks the lords to leave, as Macbeth is very sick. Once the lords had left Macbeth tells lady Macbeth that he has a spy in every house. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to get some sleep as he is become mentally unstable. Macbeth is suffering from all of the killing that he has done and it is not only affecting him it is also affecting his marriage to which seems to be deteriorating as the play goes on. In Act 4 scene I Macbeth goes to visit the witches, which shows he firmly trusts the witches as he has gone to them which gives a sense that they hove power over him where as if he waited and let them come to him he would not have given the impression that he was desperate. Macbeth is told 3 prophecies the first is: â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff; Beware the Thanes of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough† (Act 4, scene I) The first apparition says this; it is a warning to Macbeth simply telling him to beware of Macduff, as he is dangerous. Macduff was never happy about Macbeth becoming king as Macduff never attended Macbeths crowning and he also suspected Macbeth of killing Duncan. The second prophecies is: â€Å"Be bloody, bold and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of women born shall harm Macbeth† (Act 4, scene I) This prophecy made Macbeth relax a little, as he didn’t think that there was any one in the world that could not be of women born. Which made him feel much more safer and almost invincible. The third prophecies is: â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquish’d be until great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane Hill; shall come against him† (Act 4, scene I) Macbeth was very happy with this prophecy as for him this meant he was invincible, as he believed that Burnam wood would never come to Dunsinane. He shows that he is very happy about his prophecies when he says: â€Å"That will never be: Who can impress the forest, bid the tree Unfix his earth bound root? Sweet bodements! Good!† (Act 4, scene I) Macbeth has decided to kill the Macduffs as Macduff has flied to England and Macbeth sees this as the perfect time and way to kill them. If they are killed Macduff will be distort and will want to kill Macbeth but Macbeth thinks he is invincible. This is the perfect time as there is no one to protect his family. In Act 5 scene I Macbeth is getting ready for battle when he hears a women screaming he sends his servant to investigate. He returns and tells Macbeth that his wife is dead. Macbeth responds to this by saying: â€Å"She would have dies hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this pretty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; and all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more; it is a tale told by an idiot, gull of sound and furry, signifying nothing.† (Act 5, scene V) This speech is said by Macbeth as he thinks life is not worth living for any more. He tries hard to make his life better but in the end he is going to die so what is the point. That is the kind of attitude he is taking. Macbeth is then told that Burnam Wood is moving to wards Dunsinane. Macbeth reacts very badly to this he calls the messenger a â€Å"Liar and slave† (Act 5, scene V) Macbeth cannot believe it, the wood is moving, he is in such anger as the prophecies are not holding up to their word. Macbeth has his armour put on so he is ready for battle. In the final scene Macbeth and Macduff have a battle, Macbeth is very full of himself until Macduff says â€Å"Despair thy charm: and let the angel whom thou still hast serv’d tell thee, Macduff was from his mother’s womb untimely ripp’d.† (Act 5, scene VII) Macbeth is in shock he cannot believe it, all the prophecies have been untrue. Them Macbeth is killed bye Macduff and Macbeths head is stuck on a poll and paraded around. This was a way of showing the people that if they betray the king this is what will happen to them. The witches have influenced Macbeth, if they had not shown him the 3 prophecies then he would never have killed the king and he would still be a noble man. The witches were agents of evil so they were bound to tempt Macbeth. The witches simply showed Macbeth what he could be if he listened to them they did not force him they gave him the option and Macbeth choose their way. The witches have no power so they simply temp and try to push Macbeth in the direction they want him to go. Their influence is fair great on Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is a very possessive woman and has a great amount of ambition about her. When she read the letter from her husband in Act 1 scene V she was determined on making Macbeth the king. She wanted him so badly to become the king. She showed her determination in Act 1 scene VII when she said she would: â€Å"I have given suck, and know how tender ’tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling up in my face, Have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums, and dash’d the brains out, had I so sworn as you have to this.† (Act 1, scene VII) She is so determined she would kill her own baby while she was feeding it, this shows that she is a very strong women. Lady Macbeth wants to become purely evil she shows this when she says â€Å"Come spirits that tend on mortal thoughts! Unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty; make thick my blood.† (Act 1, scene V) Lady Macbeth also says â€Å"TH’ effect and it! Come to my women’s breasts, and take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, wherever in your sightless substances† Lady Macbeth wants very thing that is feminine about her taken away from her so she can be purely evil. Lady Macbeth shows she isn’t purely evil in Act 2 scene II when Macbeth asks her why she didn’t kill Duncan she says â€Å"Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t.† (Act 2, scene II) As the play goes on lady Macbeth and Macbeths relationship starts to fall apart. At the beginning of the play Macbeth tells his wife every thing as the play digresses they lose faith and trust in each other. They do not tell each other anything. Lady Macbeth was not told by Macbeth that he was planning to kill Banquo or the Macduff’s he simply just didn’t communicate with her anymore. I believe that Shakespeare has presented Macbeth as some one who you can feel sympathy for, as he seems to be pushed in to killing Duncan by Lady Macbeth. I think that he never had any intentions of killing Duncan it was because his wife drove him so that he could gain power. He was not as strong as he seems, his wife bullies him into killing Duncan but he is a hero on the battlefield. Also if he had not seen the witches then I do not think that he would have any thoughts of killing the king.

Identifying Granitoids and Other Granite Rocks

Granite rock has become so common in homes and buildings that anyone these days can name it when they see it in the field. But what most people would call granite, geologists prefer to call granitoid until they can get it into the laboratory. Thats because relatively few granite rocks out there are truly petrologically granite. How does a geologist make sense of granitoids? Heres a simplified explanation. The Granitoid Criterion A granitoid meets two criteria: (1) it is a plutonic rock that (2) has between 20 percent and 60 percent quartz. Plutonic rocks cooled at depth very slowly from a hot, fluid state. A sure sign is well-developed, visible grains of various minerals mixed in a random pattern  as if they had been baked in a pan in the oven. They look clean, and they dont have strong layers or strings of minerals like those in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.​As for the quartz, a rock with less quartz than 20 percent is called something else, and a rock with more than 60 percent quartz is called quartz-rich granitoid (a remarkably simple answer in igneous petrology). Geologists can assess both of these criteria (plutonic, abundant quartz) with a moments inspection. The Feldspar Continuum OK, we have abundant quartz. Next, the geologist evaluates the feldspar minerals. Feldspar is always present in plutonic rocks whenever theres quartz. Thats because feldspar always forms before quartz. Feldspar is mainly silica (silicon oxide), but it also includes aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium. Quartz—pure silica—wont start forming until one of those feldspar ingredients runs out. There are two types of feldspar: alkali feldspar and plagioclase. The balance of the two feldspars is the key to sorting out the granitoids into five named classes: Granitoid with only (90%) alkali feldspar is alkali-feldspar graniteGranitoid with mostly (at least 65%) alkali feldspar is syenograniteGranitoid with a rough balance of both feldspars is monzograniteGranitoid with mostly (at least 65%) plagioclase is granodioriteGranitoid with only (90%) plagioclase is tonalite True granite corresponds to the first three classes. Petrologists call them by their long names, but they also call them all granite. The other two granitoid classes arent granites, although granodiorite and tonalite in certain cases can be called a name very much like granite (see the next section). If you have followed all this, then you will readily understand the QAP diagram that shows it graphically. And you can study the gallery of granite pictures and assign at least some of them exact names. The Felsic Dimension OK, weve dealt with the quartz and the feldspars. Granitoids also have dark minerals, sometimes quite a lot and sometimes hardly any. Usually, feldspar-plus-quartz dominates, and geologists call granitoids felsic rocks in recognition of this. A true granite can be rather dark, but if you ignore the dark minerals and assess only the felsic component, it can still be properly classified. Granites may be especially light-colored and nearly pure feldspar-plus-quartz—that is, they may be very highly felsic. That qualifies them for the prefix leuco, meaning light-colored. Leucogranites may also be given the special name aplite, and leuco alkali feldspar granite is called alaskite. Leuco granodiorite and leuco tonalite are called plagiogranite (making them honorary granites). The Mafic Correlative Dark minerals in granitoids are rich in magnesium and iron, which dont fit in felsic minerals and are called the mafic (MAY-fic or MAFF-ic) component. An especially mafic granitoid may have the prefix mela, meaning dark-colored. The most common dark minerals in granitoids are hornblende and biotite. But in some rocks pyroxene, which is even more mafic, appears instead. This is unusual enough that some pyroxene granitoids have their own names: Pyroxene granites are called charnockite, and pyroxene monzogranite is mangerite. Still more mafic a mineral is olivine. Normally olivine and quartz never appear together, but in exceptionally sodium-rich granite the iron-bearing variety of olivine, fayalite, is compatible. The granite of Pikes Peak in Colorado is an example of such a fayalite granite. A granite can never be too light, but it can be too dark. What stone dealers call black granite is not a granite at all  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹because it has little or no quartz in it. Its not even a granitoid (although it is a true commercial granite). Its usually gabbro, but thats a subject for another day.